Project Risk Identification

Identification of risks ascertains the risks with the potential of having effect on project as well as documenting the characteristics of risk. It begins after plan of risk management is constructed and continues through out the execution of project. It involves the identification of events or items that may have significant negative effect on a project. Identification of risk may be done through checklists, project participant’s reports, and comparison of historical data as well as through the contingency planning.Two criteria can be used in the process of identifying project risks that are not originally identified and include the analysis of risk as well as the prioritization of risk. Risk analysis employs cost risk analysis, decision analysis, schedule analysis, reliability analysis as well as other similar models and techniques in analyzing the identified risks. There are several methods that can be used in this analysis and one of them includes brain storming.Brainstormi ng may be important in identifying risks and especially those which had not been identified before since risks are shared instantly among the members the moment they notice them in the project. Brain storming can further bring a lot of results in very short time and thus the members in a project can bring out risks, which had not been discussed or identified before and decide on ideas and ways of solving them.Prioritization of risk employs quantification of risk as well as risk exposure and even using decision mechanisms that is statistically based. This process may involve the use of consulting experts who may have independent view in several fields that may involve risk and also identify risks which may not have been identified before. The advantage of using consulting experts is because they have knowledge and experience which is not in a certain company and they can identify risks that may have not been identified before.

Cultural experience Essay

In preparation for this reflection, I began by thinking about what cultural event I would most like to attend, what would work for the assignment and what would also benefit me in my personal life by actually forcing me out of my comfort zone to experience things I never have before. Because Christianity is such a huge part of my life I immediately thought I would want to do something based on another religion since I’ve never really gone out of my religious comfort zone, but for this assignment I chose to go to a gay bar. The reason I chose to do this was because I have been raised as a Christian, I grew up in a very conservative town and while I support gay rights being around gay people is still something that is foreign and a little bit uncomfortable for me. My roommate also chose to use going to the gay bar for an assignment for her human sexuality class, so while knowing that I would have my roommate going with me made me a little bit more comfortable I still knew that t his would be something that pushed me way out of my comfort zone. We both live in Elkhart, Indiana so while we were home for spring break a gay friend of my roommates offered to take us to a club called â€Å"Metro† which is an 18 plus gay bar located in Kalamazoo, Michigan which is about 45 minutes away. Before going to the gay bar I was so nervous. As mentioned before, while I support gay rights I have not necessarily ever been exposed to them and I wasn’t sure at all what to expect. The bar that we went too isn’t strictly a gay bar so there would most likely be other straight people there but I had no idea how exactly to prepare myself for the situation. Because we were going with my roommate’s friend, who is gay, I knew I would feel a little more comfortable since we weren’t just walking in completely unprepared. I was worried what people would think of me when I went, if they would assume that I was gay. I didn’t know if it was normal for gay’s to take straight  friends with them, I was worried about how people would judge me. As I began to get ready for the night I wasn’t really too worried about what to wear, I just wore something that I would normally wear to go out but mentally I was less prepared than ever. I had no idea how I was supposed to act, what if it was awkward once I got there. Before we went my roommate and I met up with her gay friend and several of his friends. His friend group contained a mix of both gay and straight men and women who would be going to the bar with us so I immediately felt more comfortable, knowing that I wouldn’t be the only straight one other than my roommate. I expected the ride there to be awkward, considering I didn’t know anyone other than my roommate and she didn’t know anyone other than the one guy and me, but instead they were all so friendly and told us not to be nervous. Because we were going on a Saturday night they explained to us that there would probably be more gay’s there than the other nights of the week/weekend but that didn’t mean they would assume we were gay, and people were usually pretty good about asking before they hit on you. After the 45 minute drive there we finally arrived and walked in. As we walked in a realized that it wasn’t any different than any other bar would be (not that I’ve been in that many since I’m only 19) full of people, d ancing, music and drinking. The inside of the building was pretty big and there was plenty of room. Almost everybody there was dancing. The people we came with were all over 21 so they all went and got drinks while my roommate and I just hung out. It was a little overwhelming at first. There were definitely a lot of gay people around, dancing together, standing at the bar flirting, and just hanging out with groups of people. Eventually we started to loosen up a little bit, while I didn’t really talk and get to know a lot of gay people I was complimented by a lot of them. During our time there we pretty much just hung out and danced in the group that we came with. A few of the people that we came with went off and danced with other people, but because I still felt a little uncomfortable and awkward we didn’t really venture to far apart from our group and go dance with anyone else or anything. I think it would have a been a very different experience if we had gone when w e were 21 and could drink at the bar, I think it would have changed the experience a little bit. We arrived at the bar at a little bit after 10 which is when the dance floor opened and stayed until around 1 in the morning. Examine The part of this experience that was the most compelling to me was almost the sense of community that I felt was just there between the gay community. Like there were a lot of groups of people there that night that didn’t even know each other, but you would never guess that by the way they acted like they had been friends for years. Even towards me and my roommate who they didn’t know, was just some straight stranger walking in and â€Å"observing† them they were so nice and accepting. They were willing to let us into their environment, knowing that we were not a part of it and I felt no judgment or anything. My fears that I had felt earlier in the day before going were put to rest, while some people were unusually friendly to me no girls really tried to hit on me, which was really relieving. As mentioned above, the most shocking thing I noticed was the community, or the way they socialized with and accepted themselves and each other. I think that at the roots of everything its amazing how well they have a grasp on who they are, and who they want others to see them. Because being gay is looked down upon in many parts of our society that makes them part of an oppressed group. Not only are gay’s an oppressed group but I also saw varying degrees of sexism. Because the gay community also includes transgender people as well. This forced me to think past my original understanding of gender. On page 318 of the book it talks about how gender is a social construct, meaning that gender is something that society defines which was really different when you read about it and see it in person. In person seeing someone who doesn’t associate with the â€Å"gender† they are born with is something that you don’t really understand until you experience it in person. Articulate Learning By attending this event I learned a lot more about the gay community than I could ever learn from a textbook. They really are a very close knit community. Their community is a lot different than what we observe in our day to day life. In normal everyday life when we see members of the gay community on the street they are treated differently, they are looked out as outcasts and they are oppressed but seeing them in this environment gave me an entirely differently outlook on them and made me respect them a lot more. The reason this matters is because I am certain that there are other people just like me who feel uncomfortable, uneasy and unsure around people that they haven’t really been around before. Because of the way I was raised I was taught to believe being gay was wrong, so I was never really around them very often so I was unexposed and uneducated about them entirely. I think it was really good for me to experience this because it made me realize that they really aren’t that different than everyone else. The most important thing I took away from this experience was that contrary to what I personally have been taught to believe, what society has forced us to think they are not horrible awful people. They are people just like me who have been oppressed and faced many challenges to get to where they’re at now and they still don’t receive the respect and benefits that they deserve in our country. I took away that it is important for me to for that very reason it is important for me to form my own beliefs and not just go off of what everyone around me has told me. References Adams, M. (2007). Introduction. In Adams M., Blumenfeld W.J., Castaà ±eda C.R., Hackman H.W., Peters M.L., & Zà ºÃƒ ±iga X., Readings for Diversity and Social Justice. New York: Routledge.

Assigment

Individuals in the work field are legalizing that developing good skills helps in the workforce and many concepts of project management helps with everyday lives. Advantages: Better control of financial, physical, and human resources Improved customer relatives Shorter development times Lower costs and improved productivity Higher quality and increased reliability Higher profit margins Better internal coordination Positive impact on meeting strategic goals Higher worker morale What is a project and what are the main attributes?How is a project different from what most people do in their day-to-day jobs? What is the triple constraint? A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. Projects are not operations. Projects end when objectives are reached or had been terminated.Attributes of a project are the following: A project has a unique purpose A project is temporary A project is developed using a progressive elaboration A project requires resources, often from various areas A project should have a primary customer or sponsor A project sponsor provides direction of funding the project A project involves uncertainty As stated above projects are temporary and every day operations is work one in organizations to sustain the business.Triple constraint means scope, time, and cost. Successful projects must consider these objectives. Some consider quadruple constraint because quality is a key factor too, so scope, time, cost and quality. What is project management? Briefly describe the project management framework, providing examples of stakeholders, knowledge areas, tools and techniques, and project success factors.Project management is â€Å"the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. † Elements of ramekin are stakeholders- people involved in or affected by project activities and include project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users , supplies and opponents of project. Knowledge areas managers must develop. For core knowledge areas are project scope, time, cost, and quality management. These lead to specific project objectives.Project management tools and techniques assist managers and their teams in carrying out work in all nine knowledge areas: Knowledge- Integration Management- tools- project management software, change request, lesson earned reports, Scope Management- scope statements, work breakdown structures, requirement analysis, Time Management- Gaunt charts, Cost Management- net present value, return investment, payback analysis, earned value management, project portfolio, cost estimates, cost management plans, cost baselines, Quality Management, quality metrics, checklist quality control charts, diagrams, fish bone diagrams, maturity models, statistical methods, Human Resources Management, motivation techniques, emphasize listening, responsibility assignment, matrices, project organizational charts, resources castigator, team building exercises, Communication Management, kick off meetings, progress reports, Risk Management, risk management plans risk registers, probability, impact matrices, risk rankings, Procurement Management, make or buy analyses, contracts, requests for proposals or quotes, source elections, supplier evaluation matrices. Project Success Factors: The project met scope, time, and cost goals The project satisfied the customer or sponsor The results of project met its main objective, such as making or saving a certain amount of money providing a good return investment or making the pompons happy. What is a program? What is a project portfolio? Discuss relationships between projects, programs, and portfolio management and contributions they each make to enterprise success. Program is a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually.Infrastructure Application Development User Sup port Portfolio Management is organizations group and manages projects programs as portfolio investments. Program managers coordinate the efforts of project teams, functional groups, suppliers, and operations staff purporting projects to ensure that project products and processes are implemented to maximize benefits. Also responsible for not only delivery of projects but they are change agents. Responsible for success of products and processes produced these projects. Portfolio managers help organization make Wise investments decisions by helping to select and analyze projects from strategic perspective.Important principles make sure your projects are driven by strategy and engage stake holders. Portfolio management allows viewing and managing all projects at the enterprise level. These can be Rosen down into categories venture, growth and core of IT projects. Many organizations use specialized software Enterprise or portfolio to organize and analyze all types of projects data into p roject portfolio. What is the role of project manager? What are suggested skills for all project managers? Why is leadership so important for information technology project managers? Project managers can have different job descriptions which can vary from industry to organization but all they all have similar tasks.Skills for project managers are the following: The project management Body of Knowledge Application area of knowledge, standards and regulations Project environment knowledge General management knowledge and skills Soft skills or human relation skills Very important for IT project managers must be willing to develop more than their technical skills to be productive team members and successful project managers. â€Å"Leaders determine vision and managers achieve the vision. † â€Å"You lead people and manage things. † Ten key trades: People skills Leadership Listening Integrity, ethical behavior, consistent Strong at building trust Verbal communication Strong at building teamsConflict resolution Conflict management Critical thinking problem solving Understand, balances priorities Careers for information technology project managers are in demand. Although the new approach will be populated with versatility those with technical backgrounds will also need to know business sector inside and out. The IT project manager will need to architect and carry out IT plans that will add business value and can cultivate relationships both inside and outside company. IT executives listed the skills predicted would be most in demand in the next two five years. Project program management come first, followed by business process management, business analyst and application development.Briefly describe some key events in history of project management. What roles do the Project management Institute and other professional societies play in helping the profession? 191 7 Henry Gaunt developed famous Gaunt charts for scheduling work for factories. Now used for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities ad there corresponding start and finish date. Now used with the aid of computers. Military key holders for refining several project management techniques as well as critical path which are the longest path through a network diagram that determines the earliest completion of a project. Manhattan project key to modern project management.PM was founded in 1969. A large percent of members work in information technology field and because there are so many people working on projects in various industries, PM has created GIGS. Specific Interest Groups that enable members to share ideas about project management in particular application areas and other societies are available on PM website. They also offer certifications that continue to rise to higher demand. For a project manager or student it is important for a person to become member. What functions can you perform with project management software? What are some popul ar names Of low-end, mid-range, and high-end project management tools?

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Performance Management - Essay Example er and retailer of specialty coffee, deals with issues of performance management such as setting of standards by the Compensation and Management Development Committee. It has as one of their responsibilities to: â€Å"Annually review and recommend the objective performance measures and the performance targets for executive officers participating in the Executive Management Bonus Plan (whether or not such executive officers are Executive Officers) for approval by the panel of independent directors of the Board and for certifying the performance of such executive officers at the end of each fiscal year.†1 In line with this responsibility, Starbuck came up with an Executive Bonus plan whereby performing executives can make up to 70% of their base salary for meeting performance measures and company’s strategic plan annually. Those concerned with this bonus plane are â€Å"Employees serving in positions of executive vice president and above, as well as certain other senior officers of the Corporation specified by the Compensation Committee†.2 All of this is to meet the mission statement of â€Å"establishing Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles as we grow.†3 The mission statement is often followed through meetings of top managers of all Starbuck agencies around the world. One of such follow up meetings was held on March 10th 2008 at Seattle, where the General Manager, Howard Schultz and senior members came up with what is known as â€Å"Howard Schultz Transformation agenda communication number 10†4 in which 7 bold moves to be followed in the coming years; remain the undisputed coffee authority, re-engage into serious business and inspire Starbucks partners, re-ignite company emotional attachment with the customers, expand the company global presence while making each store the heart of the local neighbourhood, remain a leader in ethical sourcing and environmental impact, create innovative

I will post all of information in word Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

I will post all of information in word - Essay Example For instance, when systems from Wells Fargo require information from those at Wachovia, they have to form new links between the business end and control end of the two information systems. After these links are formed, the integration process moves to the maturity stage where new links are formed between the same ends of the two information systems. Increased expansion as expected with the merger leads to formation of cross-links between the units present in both organizations (Frankel 76). With the merger between the two organizations in this case, integration of IS was necessitated in order to manage the chaos that would follow with communication hitches and revenue loss from redundant links. When Wells Fargo merged with Wachovia, they came across various challenges and difficulties in the integration of their information systems. One of these difficulties had to do with the making it financially viable to integrate the two systems. For example, Wells Fargo and Wachovia needed the capability to take advantage of those opportunities that would result from IS integration within the merged organization (Frankel 78). In addition the two organizations may have lacked the ability to deal with the issues that come from the integration of the information systems. For instance, the satisfaction of the new organization’s end users with the integrated IS and the entire process of systems integration could be a hurdle. Lack of proper communication about the integration process’ capabilities and its importance to the success of the merger may precipitate resistance from the workers of the organization that adopts the other’s system. Eventually, this could cause depressed effectiveness and efficiency in leveraging the resources at hand during the period of integration (Frankel 78). Wells Fargo and Wachovia may also have found it challenging to improve the capabilities of their previous information systems after the merger. Because the goal of the merge r was to improve the entire new organization’s processes, the IS integration would also have to improve its capabilities (Frankel 79). Difficulties that could affect the new organization include the enhancement of their competitive advantage, as well as the enhancement of their business strategies. Organizational planning and IS integration could also prove to be a challenge because it is important for the new organization to achieve its financial targets. Information system integration across departments within the new organization in order to increase their access to data and information may also be difficult since they have ingrained models of system operations. The ability of the merged company to keep staff who are competent in the new system, as well as recruit new ones, will also be challenging. The identification of the best fit technology and its assimilation will also be difficult (Frankel 79). However, there are also benefits to the merger of information systems be tween the two organizations. First, because the two are organizations of similar size, the IS integration will be much easier compared to if they had different capabilities (Frankel 81). However, because of their disparate images, protocols, websites, systems, and hardware, it was essential to integrate their systems. One reason that this is important is so that they can attain the benefits they expect from the merger. For this to happen, the standardizing systems, technology architecture, and application systems have to be rationalized. Insufficient data and

Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Hospitality Management - Essay Example Scientific Management is not hard to be noted in the modern workplace. It is founded on four principles. The first of these principles is to replace the â€Å"rule of thumb† or the simple common sense and simple habit, working techniques with methods that are founded on a scientific study of the task. This principle is still relevant in the workplace today. It involves managing by first breaking every job into individual tasks (Carol, 4). This above is to be able to know the steps that are not needed in the end product. For example, where the workers in the industry have to walk a long distance, the layout of the workplace has been redesigned to reduce the walking distance and thus lower the hours of the working day (Mentzer, 3). The second principle states that in the scientific selection of the workers in an organization ought to be: select, train, teach and develop the person who is most suitable for every job scientifically, instead of leaving the workers to train themselves. This principle of Taylor’s Scientific Management is applied in the hospitality industry workplace today. In most organizations, managers take the responsibility of selecting the right individuals for every job and overseeing their training. They also make sure that training is carried out successfully (Mentzer, 3). In most workplaces today, following the job process and workers have been put in place, the managers continue to be involved and supervise every worker to make sure that the work is carried out in a manner that fulfills the goals of the organization. This fulfils the third principle of Taylor’s Scientific Management. According to the last principle of Scientific Management, work ought to be divided between the workers and the managers. The managers in most modern workplaces in the hospitality industry plan and supervise the work, while the workers perform the

Hum final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hum final - Essay Example The conquest of Rome is undeniably one of the greatest if not the greatest conquest in human history. Their politics have taught humanity on first, respect for the laws and second, importance of the community as central in the development of the individual person in his private sphere as well as in his public sphere. Aside form that, they have taught humanity â€Å"that one may achieve peace of mind by avoiding burdensome responsibilities, gloomy companions, and excessive wealth. Stoicism offered a reasoned retreat from psychic pain and moral despair, as well as a practical set of solutions to the daily strife between the self and society† ( Fiero 135) But the greatness of Rome seems to be second only in comparison with the greatest man that ever walked the face of the earth – Jesus. The â€Å"search for the historical Jesus is complicated by many factors† (Fiero 163), but what is clear is that the story of Jesus have touched billions of lives all over the world. The greatness of Jesus is that he afforded us a new paradigm with which humanity may comprehend our relationship with God. Jesus has taken away the picture of the jealous warrior God that is one of the dominant images of God in the Old Testament. In fact, his entire human life is a living testimony to his claim that ‘God is Father’. Though scholars and exegetes may disagree what is clear is that â€Å"Jesus is the recognizable human face of God† (Wright 70). In the end, these readings are significant primarily because not solely because of the greatness of the topics that they have delved with but that the Roman heritage and Jesus story are contradictories yet real in the realm of human experience. Of the many things that we have discussed in class, I have come to realize and appreciate the fact that the Western Heritage is built on the sagacity of ancient men and women who have tried to understand how we can really understand the human condition. Their discourses open to us

RESEARCH AND CRITIQUE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

RESEARCH AND CRITIQUE - Essay Example In managing a system such as this, the primary side of the IT infrastructure is through the use of the barcode system as it is used to create orders. Fortunately, the technology is readily available, so easily gained that any person can go out on the internet and create a bar code for this type of use. In using a virtual store environment to increase sales and diversify locations without the investment of stock, the management of such a system is minimally necessary and highly dependent on the available external systems of bar code creation and reading. IT Management The good news with creating a bar code system for a virtual outlet concept is that the costs are low and the management of the system is primarily concerned with the calculation of orders and the distribution of product. The application that is used for the system is a free download from a variety of resources for the consumer and the creation of bar codes can be done by anyone who has accessed to the internet and to a s ystem that allows for the complete functionality required. Horizontal service level agreements are created when a company uses an external resource for creating an integral part of their IT business model infrastructure. The problem that can come from a horizontal service agreement is that the service will be limited by the terms of the agreement and collaborative structures may not always be part of the agreed upon items that an external resource is willing to address (Beulan, Ribbers, and Roos. 2011). A company like Tesco uses internal resources in order to handle this side of the process. In creating a system in which sales and order calculations are integrated with inventory and distribution, the company is able to control their system and devote full attention to the issues that arise. On the other hand, a vertical agreement is made for application management. The service is offered on a per application basis is concerned with the whole process and is a much more amenable type of agreement (Beulan, Ribbers, and Roos. 2011). The nature of the agreements are made through this type of encompassing responsibility because an application will not work if the whole process is not attended, thus in this way, the external resources are using the same sort of theory that Tesco has designed, which is an internally controlled system that will work or will be worked on until it does work. This is good business as an application has no value if it does not work. In managing the IT infrastructure for a e-business model concept, a great number of pitfalls can occur. According to Sparrow (2003) the smartest way to manage IT infrastructure is to outsource the management of IT elements selectively. The management of specific parts of an IT system can be sold to different providers. Academic research has shown that the most successful businesses will have selective outsourcing strategies. Tactical outsourcing occurs when specific problems are beyond the capacity of internal resources to manage. Strategic sourcing occurs when a company looks for a designed package of resources from which to outsource their needs, creating the highest level of product for the lowest possible cost by using different sources for different aspects of the structure (Sparrow 2003). In sourcing is, however, almost universal as most businesses will retain some of their IT management in house. It is not always the most reasonable

Evolving ideas of freedom by different historical time frames Essay

Evolving ideas of freedom by different historical time frames - Essay Example From freedom as a complex combination of individual freedoms and rights to freedom as the full abolition of slavery, ideas of freedom in America gradually evolved to become the main guiding principle in the development of democracies in all parts of the world. The beginnings of democracy in America were marked with a hot debate between Federalists and anti-Federalists on what it really meant to be free. The time of Washington and Monroe, that was also the time when the idea of freedom was still in its infancy, but the concept of individual freedoms and rights was slowly turning into the central ingredient of future democracy. Anti-Federalists argued that the Constitution had to give Americans full protection of their individual rights, including the right to speak freely, the right to enjoy the benefits of free religious choice, and the right to be protected against unreasonable searches. In the meantime, nothing was done to battle the issue of slavery: apparently, then political lea ders were confident that freedom and slavery could continue walking hand in hand.

The Parameters and Results Displayed in Sysmex UF-100 Assignment

The Parameters and Results Displayed in Sysmex UF-100 - Assignment Example The urine conductivity is measured in Sysmex UF-100. The formed elements or cells are analyzed by electrical impedance for volume, by forwarding light scatter for size. To enhance the contrast fluorescent dyes like phenanthridine is used to delineate DNA and carbocyanine is used to stain the cell membranes. The cells will naturally vary in their sizes, shapes, volumes, and staining characteristics. Depending on these criteria, the cells and formed elements will be categorized in multidimensional space.The results in Sysmex UF-100 are displayed in scattergrams on a screen and a printout of the results can be taken to be analyzed.It is a very reliable method of complete automated urinalysis. It can perform sensitive quantitative microscopic urinalysis completely automatically without the intervention of an operator or attendance of an analyst. Thus, this is capable of accurate and precise quantification of microscopic elements in urine with no interaction. In studies, it has been prove d that the results bear concordance with other studies, such as automated Dipstick reader.Conventional microscopic analysis cannot be substituted by Sysmex UF-100. Microscopic sediment analysis combined with UF-100 can improve the quality and productivity of urinalysis. Also, this can greatly reduce the number of specimens sent for microscopic examination of urine specimens.Combined analysis by a strip reader and automated counting can reduce the number of urine microscopic examinations, can reduce turn-around times, can reduce manual labor, thus can attend many patients who can be treated rapidly in case of an established UTI.

Eating disorder and dental implications Annotated Bibliography

Eating disorder and dental implications - Annotated Bibliography Example Female students aged 15–18 years were the subpopulation included in the research with a total of 1,203 participants. The general outcome of the research indicated that severe risk behavior for EDs was appreciably related to TE, but not with DC. A total of 1,203 female adolescents aged 15-18 in Belo Horizonte Brazil (with a population of 2.5 million inhabitants), participated in obtaining the results of this research. Organized statistical analysis and the large sample size signify that the research was of high quality. Random selection of the participants made the research reliable. Additionally, performing a pilot test also enhanced the reliability and validity of the study. The article is intended for people in the medical field, as well as adolescents with a risk of dental disorders due to bad eating behaviors. The special features in this article are three tables that describe the characteristics and distribution of the population as well as the results. The sources were o bjective because all the researchers involved have respectful testimonials. Limiting the participant’s gender in this research may have an effect of the general results, suggesting the weakness of this study. This study strength is its ability to obtain additional findings through observation hence the information can be generalized to the entire

Harry Jay Knowles Essay Example for Free

Harry Jay Knowles Essay Harry Jay Knowles is not a celebrity, a director, or a producer, but despite that, he remains a leading authority in the entertainment business. Well, his face may not be recognized by the people, but with what he does for a living, he could either make or break an entertainment project. Harry Knowles can be considered as one of the most respected movie critics that the entertainment industry has today. Whatever he publishes, people will read. Anything he says, people will believe, well, most if not all of them will. However, with his status as an important movie critic, it can’t be helped that some people would also criticize him. But despite these criticisms, Knowles has nothing less in his mind than to deliver whatever information that he has when it comes to entertainment. He is very eager to share whatever he learns, very much like a child astonished with new discoveries. This can be reflected by the website that he runs, the Ain’t It Cool News (Knowles). Knowles was born and raised in the entertainment world. His family relied mainly on public entertainment for a living, something that Knowles cherished as he was growing up to the man that he is now. He was fond of reading comic books and illustrated readings, as well as watching bootlegged movies from his family’s collections (Poland). Perhaps as a child, Knowles already knew what he wanted when he grows up. He treasured his experiences during his childhood, using it as a building block for his future career. Looking at this point in his life, we can say that Knowles has a root in the entertainment industry. Even as a child, he was surrounded by things like old movies, comic books, magazines, all available for his consumption. At that point in time, even though Knowles would just be a young boy, his environment seemed to be pushing him towards the entertainment business. It was when he was bedridden because of an accident that brought him closer to the internet, to his future neighborhood. As Knowles discovers the wonders of information sharing, his appetite for new things in the entertainment world grew. He began writing reviews of movies and of events, until he became recognized by many because of his works. There are many controversies that people seem to stick to Knowles’ name. Some claim that he’s being paid to make good reviews of some movies, for publicity or just for the sake of attaching his name in the project (Davis). He is an authority in this field; so many people are actually looking to benefit from that. Regarding that, there is no certainty whether he indeed receives payment for doing reviews, but what is certain is that Knowles loves what he’s doing. He seems not to care about anything in this world as long as he’s able to deliver new information on whatever is worthy to talk about. He received various reactions from people, ranging from praises to lawsuits (Ryfle). He gladly accepted whatever came his way, whether positive or negative. From what I see, Harry Jay Knowles pursued a career as a movie critic not because of the fame or the other kicks that he gets from it. Instead it is more of a passion, a culmination of his life’s works. He likes sharing new things to people, whether it is just a gossip or a full-blown marketing strategy. Knowles is not doing these things in favor of other people; he is doing this to satisfy his wants. Knowles as a movie critic may or may not be paid for his work, but he makes sure to get the job done. Ain’t that cool? Works Cited: Davis, Erik. Caution Ahead: Harry Knowles Reviews Cloverfield'. 2008. February 2 2009. http://www. cinematical. com/2008/01/11/caution-ahead-harry-knowles-reviews-cloverfield/. Knowles, Harry. Aint It Cool News. 2009. February 3 2009. http://www. aintitcool. com/. Poland, David. Harry Knowles. 2000. February 2 2009. http://www. lukeford. net/profiles/profiles/harry_knowles. htm. Ryfle, Steve. Extra: The Trouble with Harry Knowles. 2000. February 3 2009. http://www. hollywood. com/news/EXTRA_The_Trouble_With_Harry_Knowles/311968.

Data Analysis Interpretation

Data Analysis Interpretation Introduction Based on the literature review in chapter 2 and the primary and secondary data collected as outlined in chapter 3 , the researcher has detailed his analysis and his interpretation of his understanding based on in-depth and clear research keeping the aim and objective of the research in mind. This chapter emphasizes the main issues in connection with the studys aims , previously outlined . The chapter has been accordingly broken down into main sections To study the set of processes used in a world-class organization (Infosys) to effectively and efficiently manage software projects To study the involvement of senior managements and the role of managers in delivering software products To suggest possible future courses of action through which Infosys can maintain an edge over the competition Data Analysis and Interpretation Using the primary and secondary data identified in the literature research , the researcher now explains the main areas in order to answer the objectives of the study AIM : To study the set of processes used in a world-class organization to effectively and efficiently manage software projects . The literature review pointed that in terms of Infosys project management, software project work is split into two components: onsite and offshore, according to where it can be best done, at the lowest cost, and with the lowest level of acceptable risk, thereby de-coupling capability development and delivery. Infosys has established a systematic pattern of succession planning whereby board members remain in the vanguard but are underpinned by a three-tier leadership structure for high-potential managers . Infosys executes hundreds of projects each year. Full responsibility for executing a project rests with the project manager, who must make sure that the project team delivers high-quality software to the customer on time and within cost . At Infosys , in the project planning stage, as revealed by Marsh (1998 p.29) , the project manager reviews contractual commitments and creates a plan to meet them. Creating a project plan involves defining a life-cycle process to be followed, esti mating the effort and schedule, preparing a detailed schedule of tasks, and so on. It also includes planning for quality and configuration management as well as risk management. At Infosys , the second phase, as in the words of Finney ( 1999 p.43) , project execution, involves executing the project plan, tracking the status of the project, and making corrections whenever project performance strays from the path laid down in the project plan. In other words, it involves tracking and controlling the implementation of the project process. This phase is the longest in the project management process, incorporating periodic tasks such as monitoring project status and quality and taking any needed corrective steps. Objective 1 : To analyze the project management process adapted by Infosys in delivering effective software systems Infosys project manager performs startup and administrative tasks and creates the project plan and schedule. He is also responsible for defining the objectives of the project . The suitable standard process for the project execution is identified . Also the standard process to meet project requirements are tailored . Also a process for managing changes in requirements is designed . The estimation of effort involved is undertaken . Also the plan for human resources and team organization is determined . The project milestones are defined and schedules created accordingly. Also the quality of objectives and a quality plan to achieve them are determined . A defect prevention plan in designed. The risks are identified and plans are made to mitigate them. A measurement plan for the project is defined .A training plan for the project is designed . The project-tracking procedures are analyzed for effective execution . Also a review of the project plan and schedule are performed . Authorizati on from senior management is obtained . The configuration management plan and defined and reviewed . Also orientation of the project team to the project management plan is executed Once planned the project manager executes the project as per the project plan. , tracks the project status., reviews the project status with senior management. , monitor compliance with the defined project process. , analyze defects and perform defect prevention activities, monitor performance at the program level and conduct milestone reviews and replan if necessary. Other members of the team also participate in this stage. The entry criterion is that the project plan is complete and approved, and the exit criterion is that all work products delivered are accepted by the customer Post-project data analysis constitutes the main activity; metrics are analyzed, process assets (materials, such as templates and guidelines, used to aid in managing the process itself) are collected for future use, and lessons are recorded. Because learning from the project is the main goal, this is a group activity that involves the project manager, the SEPG, and other members of the team Infosys software project has two main activity dimensions: engineering and project management. Infosys engineering dimension deals with building the system and focuses on issues such as how to design, test, code, and so on. Infosys project management dimension deals with properly planning and controlling the engineering activities to meet project goals for cost, schedule, and quality. If a software project is small (say, a team of one or two working for a few weeks), it can be executed by infosys somewhat informally. The project plan may be an e-mail specifying the delivery date and perhaps a few intermediate milestones. Requirements might be communicated by infosys in a note or even verbally, and intermediate work products, such as design documents, might be scribbles on personal note pads. These informal techniques, however, do not scale up for larger projects of Infosys in which many people may work for many months—the situation for most commercial software projects. In such projects, each engineering task must be done carefully by Infosys following well-tried methodologies, and the work products are been properly documented so that others can review them. The tasks in the project are been carefully planned by infosys and allocated to project personnel and then tracked as the project executes. In other words, to successfully execute larger projects, formality and rigor along these two dimensions must increase in infosys Formality requires that well-defined processes be used for performing the various tasks so that the outcome becomes more dependent on the capability of the processes. Formality is further enhanced by quantitative approaches that are employed by infosys in the processes through the use of suitable metrics. A process by infosys for a task comprises a sequence of steps that should be followed to execute the task. For Infosys, however, the processes it recommends for use by its engineers and project managers are much more than a sequence of steps; they encapsulate what the engineers and project managers have learned about successfully executing projects. Through the processes, the benefits of experience are conferred to everyone, including newcomers in the organization. These processes help managers and engineers emulate past successes and avoid the pitfalls that lead to failures. For a project, Infosys engineering processes generally specify how to perform engineering activities such as requirement specification, design, testing, and so on. The project management processes, on the other hand, specify how to set milestones, organize personnel, manage risks, monitor progress, and so on. Project managers at Infosys actually want to use processes but only if theyre reasonable and will help the project managers execute their projects better. Project managers do, however, resent processes that seem to be unnecessarily bureaucratic and add little value to their work. The trick, then, is to have lightweight processes—those that help project managers plan and control their projects better and that give them the flexibility to handle various situations. Objective 2 : To analyze the CMM framework applied by Infosys in delivering effective software projects To consistently improve process performance on its projects, Infosys enhance the process capability frequently that the process itself must become more mature. In level 1, the initial level, Infosys executes its project in a manner that the team and project manager see its fit. At the repeatable level (level 2) infosys applies established project management practices are employ them , although organization-wide processes may not exist. At the defined level (level 3), organization-wide processes have been defined and are regularly followed by Infosys project team. At the managed level (level 4), quantitative understanding of the process capability makes it possible to quantitatively predict and control the process performance on a project by the Infosys project team. At the optimizing level (level 5), the process capability is improved in a controlled manner and the improvement is evaluated quantitatively. Each maturity level is characterized by key process areas (KPAs), which specify the areas on which the organization should focus to elevate its processes to that maturity level. For Infosys to achieve a maturity level, it must satisfy all the KPAs at that maturity level as well as the KPAs at all lower maturity levels. Maintaining processes at higher levels of maturity is a challenging task requiring commitment from infosys and its proper work culture. Objective 3 : To study the KPAs for Infosys project management performance KPAs at Level 2 : Requirement Management RM : Here the software requirements of Infosys are controlled to establish a baseline for its software engineering and management activities. Also software plans, products, and activities are kept consistent with requirements Software Project Planning SPP : Here Infosys estimation are documented for use in planning and tracking the project .Project activities and commitments are planned and documented. by Infosys .Also affected groups and individuals agree to their commitments related to the project Software Project Tracking and Oversight SPTO : Here the actual results and performances of infosys are tracked against their software plans. Corrective actions are taken by management and they manage to closure when actual results and performance deviate significantly from their software plans. Software Subcontract Management (SSM ) : Infosyss prime contractor and the subcontractor agree to their commitments. The prime contractor tracks the subcontractors actual results against its commitments. The prime contractor and the subcontractor maintain ongoing communication. Similarly the prime contractor tracks the subcontractors actual performance against its commitments Software Quality Assurance SQA : Here Infosys plans its software quality assurance activities . Also adherence of software products and activities to the applicable standards, procedures, and requirements is verified objectively. Similarly affected groups and individuals are informed of software quality assurance activities and results. Noncompliance issues that cannot be resolved within the project are addressed by senior management of Infosys Software Configuration Management SCM : Infosys plans its software configuration management activities Also selection of software work products are identified, controlled, and available. Similarly changes to identified software work products are controlled. Affected groups and individuals are informed of the status and content of software baselines KPAs at Level 3 Integrated Software Management ISM : Here Infosys projects defined software process is a tailored version of the organizations standard software process. The project is planned and managed according to the projects defined software process Intergroup Coordination IC : Infosys affected groups agree to the customers requirements. And all groups agree to the commitments between different groups.The groups identify, track, and resolve intergroup issues. Peer Reviews PR : Infosys plans its peer review activities and any defects in the software work products are identified and removed KPAs at Level 4 : Quantitative Process Management QPM : Infosys plans its quantitative process management activities and its process performance of the projects defined software process is controlled quantitatively. The process capability of Infosys standard software process is known in quantitative terms. Software Quality Management SQM : Infosys projects software quality management activities are planned. Any measurable goals for software product quality and their priorities are defined. The actual progress toward achieving the quality goals for the software products is quantified and managed Objective 4 : To analyze the SEPG support Infosys applies to its projects The quality department at Infosys contains the software engineering process group (SEPG). The SEPG is responsible for coordinating all the process activities, including process definition, process improvement, and process deployment. It also manages all information and data related to the use of processes Although the responsibility for all aspects of delivery, including quality, belongs to the project team, the SEPG facilitates the project team in following the right processes. The SEPG also forms an independent channel for monitoring and reporting to senior management on process and quality issues. Because processes wont stick by themselves,6 the SEPG helps to ensure that the defined processes are implemented and become standard practice. To this end, in addition to offering training on processes, the SEPG provides a member who is associated with a project as a software quality adviser. The quality adviser assists in defining and following processes, ensures that the processes are followed, aids in analyzing the data, and provides any needed process training. Because the adviser is well versed on processes, guidelines, and so on, the advisers main help comes during project planning. The adviser also reviews the project plan to ensure that it contains all the key elements. In addition to providing consulting and help with processes and metrics, the Infosys SEPG schedules and manages regular independent audits to ensure that the defined processes and standards are being followed. Objective 5 : To study the involvement of senior managements and the role of managers in delivering software products ( PRISM and IPM ) Infosys prides itself in providing value to its customers through delivery excellence. Everything at Infosys, including its organizational structure, is driven by the aim of serving customers efficiently and effectively and quickly tapping new business opportunities. For delivery of customer services, Infosys has many business units. Within a business unit, a team, headed by a project manager, executes a project. The project manager is responsible for all aspects of project execution, from determining the requirements to final installation of the software. The project manager reports to a business manager, who in turn generally reports to the business unit head. To handle situations that cannot be resolved by the project manager, senior management involvement in projects is essential. At Infosys, the business manager regularly interacts with the project manager and monitors the project through status reports and milestone reports . In addition to regular monitoring, the business manager also helps to resolve issues and problems that cannot be handled by the project team and are escalated to his level . The business manager also interacts with customers to ensure that they are satisfied and that any issues are promptly raised and addressed. In addition, other senior people also review projects periodically by regularly taking part in internal audits Through two systems—called PRISM (project review by senior management) and IPM (integrated project management)—milestone reports and project plans are available for senior management to review. All senior managers are expected to review some projects periodically through this system and to give feedback to the project leaders. Overall, senior management maintains involvement in the project primarily by monitoring to ensure that the project objectives are met and that the customer is fully satisfied. Because project managers have the main responsibility for satisfying the customer, they need to master not only executing the technical aspects of a project but also interacting with customers, eliciting requirements, managing the team, and so on. Clearly no one is likely to possess all the skills needed, so its crucial to train people to develop the necessary skills. Infosys has implemented a variety of programs to help people transition from being engineers to being project leaders. All fresh entrants undergo a three- to four-month induction training program. In addition to training in engineering and technology, this program contains one- or two-day programs in business etiquette, written communication, public speaking, body language, and so on. Later, when engineers are ready to become module leaders (those who manage the development of a system module, especially in larger projects) or project managers, they attend a series of technical and soft-skills training programs. Included in the former is a five-day project management course that focuses on all aspects of project management: planning, monitoring, controlling, and so on. A two-week course on requirements specification and management teaches how to elicit requirements, how to document them, how to verify them, and so on. The five-day residential soft-skills training program includes modules on appraisals and team management, customer focus and customer management, leadership, social and business etiquette for different countries, and so on. Other regularly offered programs focus on various aspects of management; project leaders take these courses when their schedules permit. Also, team-building workshops are conducted by professionals. Objective 6 : To suggest possible future courses of action through which Infosys can maintain an edge over the competition For Infosys to continue its success stories in developing world class software projects , it has to concentrate on the following issues IN DEPTH The software projects process plan focusing on customer requirements Analyze the impact of software requirement change request Extended efforts in estimates and the high-level schedule, along with a description of how they were obtained More focus on the quality plan containing quality goals and plans for achieving them, including plans for defect prevention and reviews Extended support on the risk management plan describing the major risks, their risk exposure and impact, their prioritization, and the risk mitigation plans for the high-priority risks Effective measurement and tracking plan Detailed and clear project management plan, including the team management plan and the customer communication and escalation plan The complete configuration management plan Efficient project tracking documents, including the defect log, the issues log, the status report, and the milestone report Details of defect prevention, including defect analysis results and the impact on the project of the defect prevention plan Clearly illustrated complete closure report, which includes the metrics data on quality, productivity, cost of quality, defect removal efficiency, and so on

Civil Disobedience and Its Relation to the Democratic Process Essay

Everything in the universe is a system that must progress, and in order to progress, it must consume and test the realities around it. Throughout the history of humanity, individuals and groups have always defied laws that they believe are unjust and have always moved to progress society based on either their own motives. The idea of Democracy is revolutionary; it is a microcosm of the collective reality because different entities always come together in a feedback loop in order for their motives to coalesce and balance each other out. This is the case from large galactic masses to individuals engaging in civil disobedience in order to further a cause. Despite concerns that it eliminates order and allows individuals to disregard laws that they disagree with, civil disobedience is quintessential to the democratic process, because it allows those who engage in it to accept the legal consequences of their actions and spark debate over whether heinous legalities should be repealed. Any symbiosis of individuals and government, must be egalitarian. The Founding Fathers of this nation believed that all men are created equal and should be ensured the right to life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The United States Constitution was created in order for the institution of government to be able to deed the greatest amount of liberty and prosperity to all individuals, through a representative democracy. Here, whenever there are disagreements between individuals and government officials in regards to how a community is running, citizens are given greater leeway to manage their issues locally and gradually see results carried out to the national level, based on the momentum and support the respective initiatives have in the public domain.... ...the use of this tool, then we will have unlocked the gateway to prosperity in this country. Works Cited "Bill of Rights Transcript Text." National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. Casola, Luca. Black Markets: Empirical Studies into the Economic Behaviour of the Black Market Consumer. Diss. University of Canterbury, 2007. Canterbury, Australia: University of Canterbury, 2007. Print. Celente, Gerald. "Protest Trends for the New Millenium." Trends Journal (2009). Print. Harvey Wheeler, "Preface," Daniel Sisson, The American Revolution of 1800, Alfred A. Knopf, N.Y. 1974. Limieux, Pierre. "Civil and Uncivil Disobedience Would Henry David Thoreau Have Obeyed Stop Signs in Outremont, Quà ©bec?" Liberty (1995). Web. 12 Mar. 2012. "Schaffer Library of Drug Policy." DRCNet Online Library of Drug Policy. Web. 18 Mar. 2012.

Conversational Narcissism In The Classroom :: essays research papers

In the Introduction to Linguistics class last week, Professor Ivanoff asked if the students had any questions about the material he had just discussed in his lecture. The preceding lecture covered marked words (words that clearly define or describe only one object). A student who seemed confused asked Professor Ivanoff how the use of marked words was connected to our study of Linguistics.A student said, "Everyone knows that when you say table, a table is something with four legs and a flat surface. So table is a marked word. In a sense we already knew that because we don't go around calling everything a table." The student asked, "Is this just a definition or will it be explained further at a later time?""I do not understand why you are asking such a question," Professor Ivanoff said. "I just explained to you what marked and unmarked words are. Why do you ask such a question?""I am just wondering why you told us about marked words. How is it important in our study?" the student asked."I explained it to you. There are marked words and there are unmarked words. Marked words describe definite things. Unmarked words are words that can be used to define more than one thing," Professor Ivanoff shouted. "You ask such strange questions. I hold a Ph.D. in linguistics. Why do you question my authority on such subject?"The student tried to explain one more time, "I am not questioning your authority at all. I am just wandering what the connection is between marked words and Ling-."Professor Ivanoff interrupted, "If you want to question my authority you do so in my office. Please do not waste class time."Unknowingly Professor Ivanoff and the student provided a perfect example of "Conversational Narcissism" and how continued habits can hinder the process of "true" dialogue. Conversational Narcissism uses "structural" devices to dominate the conversation and shift the attention from one partner to another. The shift response is the structural device that Professor Ivanoff used to change the focus of attention from the student's question, to himself. This conversation shows that even in a simple conversation, one person will shift the attention away from the other person to themselves, allowing them to dominate the conversation.The conversation portrayed the shift response when Professor Ivanoff failed to answer the student's question and put forth effort to understand what the student was asking. Instead of attempting to answer the question Professor Ivanoff felt personally attacked and attacked the student in return.

Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown - The Fall of Man into Sin :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Free Young Goodman Brown Essays: The Fall of Man into Sin After reading this the first time, my first thought was "did this actually take place or did Brown just dream the whole thing?" Hawthorne purposely makes that fact ambiguous. He poses the same type of question in the end of the story. To me, this is appropriate. The story centers on evil being something hidden in this small town. The preacher goes about his praying, the old woman continues catechizing a little girl, etc. all after Brown has "witnessed" the witch meeting in the forest. By not being clear if this was a dream or not, Hawthorne supports the hidden nature that the people have in the story. He covers up the truth just as the village people hid their sinful life that Brown was witness to. This way, the story and the people in the village remain a mystery to the reader just as the truth remains a mystery to Brown. Secondly, I noticed a lot of the re-reading papers on this story dealt with Faith as a character or Faith as a belief. (As Jennifer said, this story is a battle of faith and good and evil) To me, there is no escaping the fact that Faith is a representation of the "good" forces that oppose evil in the story. In the beginning, when Brown first leaves her behind, she tells him "God bless you" and "may you find all well when you return." Faith is about to be deserted for this meeting with evil in the woods. In Biblical terms, if you leave your faith behind, you may not find things the same when you try and come back to it. Brown also tells his evil partner "Faith kept me back awhile." Brown had to talk himself into meeting this person saying that after this one meeting he will follow faith to Heaven. His timid nature and willingness to go to Heaven (faith) delayed him just as much as his wife. After Brown has this meeting, Faith deserted falls into the hands of evil. He welcomes the devi l when he finds his faith missing (sound familiar?) He finds a timid bit of hope when he asks where Faith is during the rituals he witnesses. At the last minute, Brown yells out to Faith to regard Heaven and resist temptation and at that moment the witch meeting dissolves.

Short Paper: Cultural Communication

Running Head: Short Paper Cultural Communication; Copyright (c) – Lopamudra Chakraborty – no portion of this article can be copied reproduced or distributed without prior authorization of the author. Author: Lopamudra(Lopa) Chakraborty M5A1: Short Paper Cultural Communication Business Communications 08/3/2012 Cultural Communication Introduction â€Å"The reasonable person adapts himself to the world, while the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. † – George Bernard Shaw Intercultural communication between people is an integral attribute of the human society development.The modern world is developing towards globalization. In this regard, the issues about the role and the place of international communication become an integral part of life both for the humankind in general, as well as for the individual (Shokina & Nishev, 2009). The art of business communication has evolved as globalization has set disparate businesses cultures of the world on a collision course. Emerging economies have begun to integrate the business cultures of traditional powerhouse nations into their businesses, and they have been leaving traces of their own culture wherever they go.The impact of cultural diversity on business communication has widespread implications–from corporate boardrooms to employee break-rooms–and small business owners can benefit from gaining an understanding of the eccentricities of all cultures to which they are exposed (Ingram, 2012). As mentioned by Hynes, it is extremely important to become familiar with intercultural business practices for three reasons. First, is the tremendous increases in international trade caused by vertical specialization or global supply chains.Second is the direct investment of foreign based companies. In the US, for example, the direct investment of foreign based companies grew from $9 billion in 1966 to more than $414 billion in 2008. A third reason to learn about intercultural business communication us the increasing likelihood that you will work with or for someone who is not a native born U. S. Citizen. According to the US Census Bereau, 13% of the workforce was a non- 2 Cultural Communication native US citizen in 2000 (Hynes, 2011). That number has increased dramatically in the last decade.These are some of the reasons that underline the importance of cross-cultural communications. With the advent of globalization, research on cross cultural organizational behavior has become a pathway to understand the dynamics of multicultural domestic and international workplaces. In fact successful organizations of the 21st century require leaders who understand culturally diverse work environment and can work effectively with different cultures that have varying work ethics, norms and business protocols (HR Magazine, SHRM, 2008).In addition, there are other world issues that enhances the importance of cross-cultural communication, for e. g. emergenc e of the digital age, ease and speed of international travel, formation and expansion of regional trade associations (like NAFTA, EU, GATT, ASEAN) and growth of international professional associations (Beaman, 2005). To become culturally competent, the first step is to have a solid understanding of one’s own values and how they shape the cultural identity. Within this process it is also important to realize that different culture exhibit different values.Cross cultural management researchers and theorist like Hofstede, Hall and Trompenaars have developed cultural value dimensions often within the realm of comparing national cultures (HR Magazine, SHRM, 2008). Countries like US who are heavily dependent on the global economy must understand their own culture and how it shapes their communication with other cultures. 3 Cultural Communication Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the US business communication protocol and how it affects the cross communication with other culture.In responding to this short paper on cultural communication, the attempt is to discuss and elaborate on the following factors: 1. What are some typical U. S. business communication protocols? 2. How would these protocols create challenges, for example, in communicating with someone from a collective culture? 3. What are recommendations you would offer for decreasing the potential of communication misunderstandings? Background In the past, it may have been commonplace for entrepreneurs and corporate managers to develop their own unique communication style for dealing with customers, business partners and suppliers.Today, however, managers must take the time to study the cultural eccentricities of their business counterparts before attempting to make contact with people in other countries or from other subcultures. The Texas oil tycoon, for example, has to understand that grabbing his Chinese partner's hand in a firm handshake is not a good idea but that a slight bow and smile are the appropriate form of greeting. Verbal communication and body language are more important than ever in international business dealings because innocent hand gestures, mannerisms or even posture can cause a rift between culturally diverse business partners.The diversity of culturally distinct managers has been melding slowly as globalization and Westernization give managers extensive experience in different cultures (Ingram, 2012). 4 Cultural Communication Globalization: ? The percent of the U. S. population that is foreign born has grown from 4. 8% in 1970 to 6. 2% in 1980 to 7. 9% in 1990 and over 9% in 2000 ( (Ferraro, 2002). ? The U. S. has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world. E. g. , More than 60% of the people in Miami speak Spanish as their first language (Ferraro, 2002). 60% of companies will increase their global presence in the coming three years (ADP Survey, 2002). ? A large number of corporations receive more than half of their sales f rom foreign markets. ? E. g. , Coca Cola sells more of its product in Japan than in the U. S. (Ferraro, 2002). Senior executives say that the ability to manage the business on a global basis is a top priority (ADP Survey, 2002). ? All of these changes are facilitating the cross border movement of people, goods, and data, bringing more and more cultures into contact with one another and increasing the potential for cross-cultural conflict. What is new about the global economy is the scale and the speed with which innovations, borrowings (maladies! ), etc. are spreading. Given this background, the purpose of this discussion is to highlight and explain some of the major cultural value dimensions in the United States and how it impacts when commutating with other cultures with differing business communication protocols. 5 Cultural Communication Findings Understanding what shapes US Business Communication protocol: There are several dimensions to the US business communication protocol.Th ese business communication protocols are shaped and formed by the Culture of the organization and of the society. â€Å"Domestic business organizations can be viewed as ‘mini-cultures’ (composed of different people with different roles, statuses, and value systems) that operate within the wider national context (Ferraro, 2002). † Culture is defined as a set of values and beliefs with learned behaviors shared within a particular society. Culture provides identity and belonging. Culture is everywhere starting from language to communication styles, history, religion, norms, values and symbolism (HR Magazine, SHRM, 2008).One of the most extensive studies of cultural differences was conducted by Geert Hofstede. Based on his findings, there are six major dimensions of national culture that are discussed below(Hynes, 2012). An understanding of these cultural dimensions is necessary to explain what shapes the US business communication protocols. Power Distance: Power dis tance indicates the extent to which a society accepts the fact the power in the institutions and organizations is distributed unequally (Hynes, 2011).Britain, Philippines and Mexico have high power distance where the managers and leaders are almost viewed like autocrats and there is a lot of disparity in power between higher and lower ranks. United States has a culture with low power distance. The manager is seen to have a little more power than the subordinate and is addressed by the first name, takes her place in the line and manages by communicating using an equalitarian communication strategy. 6 Cultural Communication Uncertainty Avoidance: Relates to the degree to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situation(Hynes , 2011).It tries to avoid uncertainties by having a strict formal rules and not allowing odd ideas or beliefs to prevail for example countries like Germany, England and Pakistan. United States have weak uncertainty avoidance and are open to ne w ideas and beliefs. Individualism/Collectivism: Individualism refers to a loose knit social framework in which people are expected to take care of themselves and their immediate family, example United States. Collectivism refers to a society with a tight social network where people are distinguished between in-groups and outgroups, example -.Japan, Masculinity/Feminity: expresses the extent to which dominant values in the society are masculine for example assertiveness, acquisition of money etc (Hynes, 2011). United States has a masculine type culture but Finland has a more feminine type culture. High Context/Low Context: First coined by Edward Hall, in a high context culture, communication is internalized and happens in the physical context or environment. Lot of importance is given to non-verbal communication. Japan and China are examples of High Context Culture.United States on the other hand has a low context culture where a lot of importance is given to the vebal cues and spok en words. Monochronic/Polychronic: In a monochromic culture such as United States Germany, times is valued as money and time is measured by the clock, multi tasking, be punctual and time management are valued in this culture. In a polychornic culture like India and Spain, time is linear and events are not measured by the clock. Punctuality is not of much importance in this culture. As you can imagine the frustration 7 Cultural Communication f a manager who does not understand this in United States dealing with someone in India when there is a project deadline to be met in a timely manner. Business Communication Protocol in the United States: ? Informal and Friendly communication: Since US has a low power distance type culture, communication in the workplace is typically informal and friendly. Employees refer to their managers by their first names. People tend to not wait to be introduced, will begin to speak with strangers as they stand in a queue, sit next to each other at an event , etc.Because if their informality and friendliness they appear to be pretty direct in their communication. When doing a business dealing or communicating with someone from high power distance type culture, the American has to be mindful of the fact that their informality is not perceived as rudeness. They have to be careful as not to cross the line. Following is an example of difference in communication between British and American. The British uses a more indirect approach to communication while the American uses a more direct approach (Beaman, 2005).American/British Differences (Source: the Navigator Jan/Feb 2003) ? ? ? ? ? ? American: â€Å"Jack will blow his top. † British: â€Å"Our chairman might tend to disagree. † American: â€Å"You’re talking bullshit. † British: â€Å"I’m not quite with you on that one. † American: â€Å"You gotta be kidding. † British: â€Å"Hm, that’s an interesting idea. † 8 Cultural Commu nication As is evident from the above example, both culture has a distinct approach so when an American is communicating with the British, they have to be careful as not coming across as rude. Meeting and Greeting – the American way: Americans usually prefers a strong handshake, a casual hello and use first name when introducing someone. Though handshake is a practice that is used across the world in a business setting, the pressure used may vary. The high pressure grip may be a positive thing for an American but may be too aggressive for an Asian. In a business meeting, an American is direct, assertive, giving and taking feedback is considered positive and they confront when necessary.However when dealing with a Japanese they have to realize that the later’s approach is indirect, they avoid confrontation and strive to develop harmonious and trusting business relationships. ? Dress: What is considered appropriate business attire varies by geographic region, day of the week and industry. In general, people in the East dress more formally, while people in the West are known for being a bit more casual. Executives usually dress formally regardless of which part of the country they are in. Casual Friday is common in many companies. High technology companies often wear casual clothes every day. Other non-verbal cues: With regards to space, Americans maintain a spatial distance of 4 feet with strangers. They should be aware that some Arab countries speak almost face-to-face which may feel like encroaching on a personnal space to an American. Americans belong to a low context type culture and more 9 Cultural Communication verbal and articulate than some of the other high-context cultures like Japan and China. This sometimes can be a challenge when communicating and understanding appropriate non-verbal communication. Americans do not like silence and try to fill it with small talk.Chinese or Japanese on the other hand appear shy as they don’t spea k out of turn. If an Asian is taking too long ot answer a question it is probably because they are thoughtful not because they do not know the answer. Americans do use certain gestures to supplement their verbal communication like OK, time out, wave etc. However they have to be aware that some gestures that have one meaning in America may have a complete different and sometimes negative connotation in another culture. A nod which may indicate no to an American may mean yes when done by an Indian.It is safe to stick with universal gestures and try to refrain from others if you are not sure what it means for the other culture. ? Language: A language’s vocabulary contains large numbers of words that reflect the technologies, occupations, and values important to the culture. Americans tend to use a lot of baseball colloquialism in their language. For example, â€Å"he threw me a curve ball,† â€Å"you are way off base,† â€Å"She fielded my question well,† â €Å"I want to touch all bases,† etc. Business need to be aware when certain languages are translated to another language, the entire meaning may change.For example, Chevrolet came out with a car â€Å"Nova† that they marketed in United States. The car sold well in the in so they decided to market it in Mexico. However the Ad campaign was a big failure there and they realized that the reason for that was Nova when translated to Spanish means â€Å"No go. (Beaman, 10 Cultural Communication 2005)† Understanding the appropriateness of translations when doing business with other cultures is very important. Recommendations To be a good intercultural communicator, one has to avoid some of the pitfalls mentioned above.Additionally, taking cognizance and imbibing the following practices will decrease communication misunderstanding. 1. Moving from Ethno-centrism to Ethno-relativism : This model was deisgned by Bennett. It simple means that one has to move away from denial , defensiveness and minimization (which are the three stages of ethnocentrism) to acceptance, adaptation and integration (ethno-relativism). 2. Non-Defensiveness – One has to be open to criticism and non-defensive about their culture to be a good intercultural communicator. 3.Curious and Brave: One has to be genuinely curious, brave and interested in knowing about other cultures. 4. Emphatic, Understanding and non-judgmental: It is possible ot be objective and open minded if you show these qualities. You cannot learn and be aware if you are not open minded or understanding. 5. Patience: Patience is one of the best virtues if you plan on being a good intercultural communicator. You cannot learn about another culture in one day and it is better to prepare yourself and be patient when you are trying to learn and communicate with another culture. . Genuinely personable: This cannot be faked. You really have to develop a liking for people of other culture (Hynes, 2011). 11 Cultura l Communication 7. Facilitation with language: If you plan on spending a lot of time communicating with other culture, it may be a good idea to try and learn the language. A good deal of communication is lost in translation. Sometimes taking the interest to learn the language shows to the person you are communicating with that you mean business and are genuinely interested in them.Conclusion The purpose of this paper was to discuss about why intercultural and cross cultural communication was important, the cultural dimensions that shapes the US business communication protocols, how it impacts us when communicating with other culture and recommendation of improving communication misunderstanding. The paper touched upon factors like globalization which was one of the main reason intercultural communications was important. When discussing culture, the paper discussed about Hofstede’s six dimensions.The various types of US business protocols including communication approach, meet ing and greeting, dress, other non verbal communication and language were discussed. Finally the paper made seven recommendations to follow to be a good intercultural communicator and minimize misunderstanding. In closing, when conducting business internationally, entrepreneurs learn that cultures have different expectations and protocols when it comes to meetings and interpersonal discussions. To be a successful in your business and be a good cultural communicator it is important to embrace these differences. 2 Cultural Communication References Bibliogrpahy: ADP Survey. (2002). ADP Survey. Beaman, K. C. -f. (2005). Cross Culture Communication in the workplace. Retrieved from The Jeitosa Group INC website: http://www. jeitosa. com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/Cross-cultural-communication-in-the-workplace_Apr2005. pdf Ferraro, G. P. (2002). The Cultural Dimension of International Business, 5th Edition. pearson. HR Magazine, SHRM. (2008, September). Selected Cross Cultural factors in Hum an Resources Management. Retrieved from Excelsior College virtual library, ebscohost. com: www. ehis. bscohost. com. vlib. excelsior. edu/eds/ Hynes, G. E. (2011). Business Communications, Strategies and Application. McGrawHill Irwin. Ingram, D. (2012). The impact of Cultural Diversity in Business Communication. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/impact-cultural-diversity-businesscommunication-3047. html: www. smallbusiness. chron. com Shokina, L. , & Nishev, A. (2009). Cross-Cultural Blog, Intercultural communication in the context of Globalization. Retrieved from http://www. stanford. edu/group/ccr/blog/2009/04/intercultural_communication_in. h tml: www. stanford. edu 13

Benefits of Organic Food Essay

innate aliment, erst go however imbed in health food bloods, is direct a consistent element at local supermarkets. So what is the difference in the midst of a receivedly invertn orchard apple tree and an radical unrivaled? The answer is in the delegacy the crop is cock-a-hoop and what it is and is non expose to. In order to be labeled essential fertiliser the provokeer who grew it employ renewable resources and conservation of soil and water methods. Also, constitutional farmers do non put on pompous pesticides or weed slaughterers, which whitethorn restrain synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge. According to Fisher, Sewage sludge from municipalities bolt out whitethorn contain heavy metals and toxins . . . (1).Rather, original farmers wont sophisticated crop rotations, deal out mulch and mud, and even hand leave off weeds to obligate them apart. sort of of applying pesticides, they map salutary insects and birds or traps to keep pest s from harming the crop. The primitive apple at the grocery store was never assailable to pesticides, chemicals, additives or preservatives. Pesticides whitethorn cause foul effects to the queasy system and mild skin and nub irritations. Chemicals used in additives and preservatives whitethorn adjourn the immanent rebuilding of cells and your resistance to ailment diminishes after continued exposure to these chemicals tally to Lagerquist.According to the USDA, instead of these perverting ingredients, the organic apple has higher levels of minerals, vitamin C and antioxidants. Vitamin C is right-hand in protecting your repellent system, decreasing cardiovascular disease and promotes well-preserved skin. Antioxidants protect cells against free radicals that farm perverting processes in the cells. Besides being beneficial to your health, organic food has a haughty impact on the environment. Farming organic food allows for less free-basewater to become vitiate that i n the process of agribusiness constituted crops.This is because organic crops be never exposed to harmful chemicals that apprize seep into the domain and infect our groundwater. This absence of chemicals in the ground water to a fault means that the feeling of the soil is greater. When the soil is non exposed to chemicals such as pesticides and insecticides, it is able to be of better quality. With better soil quality, comes stronger crops for historic period to come. other benefit to the environment is that organic crops append biodiversity. Biodiversity is seduced because the absence of chemical inputs creates a habitat suitable for wildlife.Also, because in that respect is no insecticides used farmers of organic farms be squeeze to use natural pest instruction methods. This means that to control one character reference of pest, the famer has to bring in other pests to kill it, creating a diverse farm. original farms in same(p) manner do not use synthetic fertil izers, so one way to keep the soil up is to bring in different types of worms, arthropods, and microbes. These animals stabilize and detoxify soil. Organic farming besides helps the environment by using conservation methods. Organic farms argon planted where the crops could grow naturally, instead of clear by land for the purpose of plant at that place.They alike conserve soil by not only planting the crop, further also planting other flora where there argon places crops are not gro arrive atg to make sure the surface soil does not nark blown away by the elements. Crop rotating is also used. This is when the farmer plants much than one crop in the comparable place. For exemplar, one year the farmer might plant corn in field, exclusively the next year he plants beans. This process of crop rotation attachs the soils productivity and reduces need for farm land. Organic farmers do not use harmful fertilizers. Instead, they build advantage of reusable spoil options.These options entangle human being waste and waste from the farm animals. These natural fertilizers do not contain harmful ingredients and it also allows farms to go color in a sense that the waste is not going elsewhere. another(prenominal) environmentally- companionable apply that organic farmers use is work. Tilling stirs up the topsoil of farms and makes it so that the soil does not become compact. Compacted soil rear root in soil that is uneffective to create a go past-off surface. If this happens, the water go forth be unable to seep into the soil and wet the crop.Tractors passing over soil pot cause this compaction to occur, which is why tilling is a more effective way to stir up the soil. And as a bonus, tilling flowerpot help get rid of weeds, so it is a win win. Pesticides and preservatives are not only harmful to human beings, exactly they are also harmful to our environment and ecosystems. Pesticides used in organic farming whitethorn run-off and contaminate ne arby bodies of water. If plenteous contaminated run-off from pesticides and contrived fertilizers get into water, it is able to poison animals and angle that live there.According to Raloff, recent studies need demonstrated that exposure to hormones has a impregnable effect on the gender and fruitful capacity of fish, throwing off the natural cycle, (1). This is not only harmful to the animals that live there, provided if replete fish are death because of poisoned run-off, the fish industry could suffer and it will touch on humans as well. The same chemicals that poison bodies of water could seep into our groundwater and affect the well water we drink and use daily. This does not happen with organic farming, because no chemicals are ever sprayed on the field and there is much more run off because of tilling practices.Organic farming does not only include crops. in that location is also organic eggs and affectionateness produced by broth brocaded on organic farms. During n ormal farming of animals, received farmers use medications, hormone shots, and antibiotics to promote the health and reaping of the animals on their farm. On these conventional farms, animals are hale to be herd together in dirty, indoor spaces. The defending conditions make it necessary for these animals to receive fixing medication to fight of diseases that may be caused by their measly living conditions.Because so numerous animals are crowded together, their manure accumulates rapidly and for convenience for the farmer, is sometimes poured into lagoons which open fire leak into local water sources and may contaminate our water. Scientists are studying the dubiousness that if humans eat hormones be in the meat of animals injected with hormones, if it can affect our human hormones the same way it affects the animal it was injected into. Scientists turn over nigh two-thirds of the Statesn cattle raised in for slaughter today are injected with hormones to make them grow faster and Americas dairy cows are prone a catchingally-engineered hormone .. . to maturation milk production, (Raloff, 1).These injected hormones are also a scare because if the animal is digesting them, it means that these chemicals are also in their manure, which is spread on the fields of crops we eat and may be dangerous. Not only could it affect the crop, but also the topsoil, and in turn the groundwater. And again, if it gets into a water source, it has the opportunity to harm the aquatic life living there. In one case, cattle injected with artificial growth hormones revealed monstrous health problems.These included deformed calves and an increase of a bacterial infection in the udder. In order to treat the knuckle under cows, it needed antibiotics and eventually became reliant on them. Cattle are often forced to produce so much milk that they cannot keep up the nutrients they are losing in the milk and the amount they are presumptuousness in their food. This imbalance causes them to become feed and it makes it easier for them to get more diseases. This type of mistreatment and malnutrition does not happen on organic farms. powerful plants and animals are more disease loathsome.This incident means that as long as the plants and animals are kept lightheaded and ruddy, there is little to no need for use of antibiotics or medications. Organic farmers keep the facilities clean to reduce the amount of diseases caused by poor living conditions. Organic farmers allow parentage to live in outdoor conditions with atomic reactor of crop room. This extra room can greatly decrease the number of diseases in the livestock because they wont be crowded together to closely. On a conventional farm, livestock is kept deep down and cater possibly unhealthy grains do to make them grow. This is not the case on organic farms.Livestock is kept on a balanced diet and fed using a rotational grazing process. Rotational grazing means that once the livestock has eaten all the grass and bot some(prenominal) from one field, the farmer will mint them to another to allow the vegetation to grow back. This helps maintain the health of the farmland and also keeps the livestock happy by property them in an area with enough food, if the livestock is well fed, there is less of a chance that it will get insane as well. If livestock are kept healthy, there is no reason to give it medications, which may not be healthy for the consumer.Organic foods are never bioengineered. Bioengineered foods are foods that are manipulated through their deoxyribonucleic acid to brace traits that are desired. For example, umpteen foods are bioengineered to be large-minded to insects, herbicides, and diseases. These crops may seem like a commodity idea, but many boast wondered if these ancestralally altered crops could be harmful to humans. Crops resistant to bugs and weeds take hold caused Mother Nature to fight back with superbugs and superweeds, bugs and we eds that have evolved to overcome genetically altered plants.Cases like this cause scientists to turn it up a notch and create a new crop that can defeat the supers. But when is enough enough? Soon the weeds and bugs could become resistant to ein truth type of herbicide resistant plant. there are many health scares associated with bioengineered foods. maven is that if a gene is injected into a crop to make it have a more desirable trait, this gene may cause an unexpected danger to the consumer. One such danger is allergic reactions. For example . . . bean plants thatwere genetically modified to increase cysteine and methionine content were cast away after the discovery that the expressed protein of the transgene was highly allergenic (Villano, 1). sometimes these dangers can be notice earlierhand it is introduced into the public, but sometimes it is not show until several people are affected. Another health risk concerned genetically engineered foods is that for intimately p lants, it is simple to tell that the genetic altering caused an unusual problem in the crop, but in some cases, this is not easily seen.If it is a very unmistakable problem, the crop may be discarded immediately based on the appearance. However, if the genetic altering caused a problem in low or uneasily seen genes, it may become a problem for the consumer specially if the mutation is in the edible batch of the plant. Again, most of the time these problems would be detected before it is presented to the public, but it may not always be found that soon. This is a very dangerous risk to take. In addition to not being bioengineered, organic food is never exposed to ray. nutrition ir shaft is frequently used on conventional food because ionizing radiation is can be used to kill bacteria and other germs that may be found in certain foods. These conventionally grown foods are passed through radiation waves on a convention belt. This type of radiation attacks the unwanted organisms DNA beyond its ability to repair. It can also be used to stop the natural ripening process of fruit in order to prolong the foods shelf life, and it can be helpful in managing bacteria and other harmful organisms There is much criticism about ionizing radiation.One concern is that irradiation may disguise spoiled food by means of altering the natural growth process of the food. The radiation prolongs its shelf life, but there is reason the food has an decease date. Some believe that the natural annihilation of food should not be tampered with. Another scare to some critics is that these chemical changes may not be healthy for the consumer. There are many regulations and inspections in food plants that use irradiation practices, but many critics believe that there is not enough extensive research done of the subject. Critics have several arguments against food irradiation.They argue that food preservation techniques are inefficient because it is unable to undo food spoilage that happe ned before the radiation treatment. This means that the food is stuck in a certain stage of maturity that may not be exaltation for the consumer. Another argument is that the radiation process, while getting rid of unwanted organisms, may also remove nutrients that are full of life or helpful for the consumer. There are several risks associated with buying conventional foods. These foods may contain pesticides, chemicals, additives, or preservatives that are not natural and may be very harmful for the consumer.When buying organic food, there is never a risk of ingesting any of these harmful substances. Organic farmers use only natural methods of keeping insects, diseases, and weeds away to unsure safety for the consumer. Unlike conventional farms, organic farms are more diverse, more conservative, and use reusable and environmentally friendly practices to keep the earth in good physical shape for years to come. Instead of being concerned with convenience, organic foods centering on health. There are never artificially introduced hormones, sewage sludge, bioengineering, or ionizing radiation exposed to organically grown foods.The most disturbing fact about conventionally grown foods that is that little has been tested in the procedures used to grow the food conveniently. It is not proven that food exposed to radiation, bioengineering, pesticides, herbicides, medications, hormones and antibiotics given to livestock are harmless to humans. umteen critics believe that these practices could cause extreme stultification to humans in the future if it is not tested more thoroughly. So why not play it safe? Organic foods have none of these health risks and rattling have higher levels of minerals, Vitamin C, and antioxidants.