Dependency Theory and Colonial Heritage Essay

Many have tried to draw upon the legacy of the colonial system to explain the reasons for underdevelopment in many areas of the world. Most areas that suffer from poverty today are former colonies the developed nations, for the most part, are former metropoles. The colonizers exploited their underlings in colonies, turning them into suppliers of cheap raw materials and restricting the infrastructure construction, leaving former colonies with only basic facilities. In many cases, when the colonizers departed, the nations were left with artificial boundaries that separated them from each other without regard for their historical development. This fuelled subsequent separatism and military conflicts, hampering economic progress. Thus, if one looks at straight-line boundaries in Africa which we are now learning in DS 202, it becomes obvious that those were artificially created. The colonizers, in particular the British Empire, were suppressing the industrial development in their colonies because they viewed them as sources of cheap imports and at the same time large markets for their industrial goods. An example of north-eastern Brazil that often surfaces in literature on underdevelopment, (Taylor 2001) claims that north eastern Brazil in the 19th century would have appeared to be an ideal place for a textile industry with its high quality cotton and existing demand for sugar bags cloth and slave clothing. However, to develop the textile industry, it would take years during which the industry should have been shielded from foreign competition with import tariffs and quotas. This was surely not something Britain would allow in its colony. As a result, the fledgling Brazilian textile enterprises proved unable to withstand the competition with Britain’s textile industry. Britain, like almost any metropole, was interested in selling to the colony, not de veloping industry inside it. As of 1822, when Brazil received independence, it was a larger export market for Britain than all the rest of Latin America combined (Taylor, 2001). Naturally, even as Brazil proclaimed independence, Britain did not want to lose this lucrative market and demanded a trade treaty with Britain which prohibited import substitution tariffs (Taylor, 2001). Brazil was forced into this treaty by its political weakness. In this way, former metropolitan powers keep control of their former colonies to varying extents, blocking their effective development. In newly independent nations of Latin America, for instance, the warfare that  often preceded proclamation of independence devastated regional and national economies (Kinsbruner 1994 pg 126). Although this perspective is not universally recognised, the IMF and the World Bank for imposing policies said to aggravate third world countries. The stated goals of both institutions are certainly to spearhead economic growth in nations they service with their financial programs. Critics , however , point out that loans from the World Bank and the IMF often come with conditions that block the road to sustainable development and make poverty even worse . The Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) imposed by the IMF as a prerequisite for qualifying for its loans often aggravate the deplorable condition of the third world nation. Thus, SAPs often call for reduction in government expenditures for health, education and other government services for the sake of debt repayment. In this way, third world nations are dragged into the quagmire of debt repayment, as their interest provides income for Wall Street banks and other financial institutions. IMF policies urge third world countries to increase their exports of raw materials and agricultural products in to cope with debt – an immediate concern. This, however, reduces the amount of food available to the poor inside the country and can lead to starvation second, does not create conditions for building processing industries that will increase value added inside the country. Besides, the IMF often demands for liberal market reforms that involve privatisation that, without proper prepa ration and evaluation of potential consequences, can lead to loss of jobs, aggravation of the social situation and civil unrest. Such measures lead to social discontent that can hamper the development of economies in developing countries. With respect to harmful policies imposed by the fund, Amin notes that the key to development is subordination of outside relations to the logic of internal development and not the reverse as it is happening when development policies are imposed by outside financial institutions (Amin, 1995 pg 10). The harmful role of the World Bank and the IMF in the development of poor nations is by no means indisputable. However, there are many criticisms aimed at the policies that accompany loans and the very idea of reaping interest income off the populations of the nations where starvation is a widely spread phenomenon. Political Aspects. Many regions of the world that demonstrate marked third world are characterised by overt concentration of power in the hands of a rich minority that uses this power to oppress the majority. For example, the North-eastern areas of Brazil that rely on sugar production as the primary source of income are seriously underdeveloped as compared to the rest of the nation. The property patterns in this region are the history of the dominant class manipulating social, political, and economic institutions so as to expropriate the maximum possible surplus from the rural workers (Taylor, 1978 pg 57). The economic interests of the land-owning class lay in extracting as much as possible from their plantations and workers as opposed to investing in the area. The result is miserable since an area that specialises in agricultural production cannot even feed its own citizens and has to import most of its agricultural produce from the rest of the nation. With a stagnant economic situation, the north-eastern Brazil has suffered from health education, and literacy standards that ended in a peasant revolt in the 1960s (Taylor, 1978 pg 157) Regional Inequalities. Many travellers to nations lik e China, India or the Caribbean are immediately impressed by the contrast between squalor of provincial areas and the apparent luxury of large cities and some ‘advanced’ areas. Regional inequalities contribute to underdevelopment, creating a situation when some areas are on their way toward modernisation, while others are forced into the backseat of social and economic progress. The importance of regional inequalities as source of underdevelopment is explored, for instance, in Andre Gunder Frank ‘s 1989 publication The Development of Underdevelopment (Frank 1989) challenges the view that third world nations are still going through the stages that more developed countries are done with. Instead, he asserts that problems of underdeveloped areas are the inevitable result of the capitalist system. The same, in his mind, is true of the regional disparities observed in the third world countries where the capital and larger cities often stand out as oases of advancement among the generally gloomy landscape around. The underdevelopment phenomena in the province are the products of the historical development of the capitalist system no less than are the seemin gly more modern or capitalist features of the national metropoles of the third world countries Frank (1989, pg 37). Education and Training. A well-trained and educated workforce is the necessary precondition for successful economic development. The presence of a large educated population contributes to India’s current rise as an outsourcing destination, although  it has so far failed to ensure overall prosperity in this nation. This problem, for instance, is addressed in Canadian programs targeting development of Aboriginal areas. The Indian entrepreneurship has to be supported with knowledgeable workforce that will attract capital flows to the areas. Although the fact that Native Americans missed the industrial revolution ‘ has its upside, as there is no need for re-training, integration of these people into the complex web of the global economy is a serious challenge (Kendall , 2001). Similar problems are experienced by many third world countries only in their case unlike the situation of Aboriginal populations in Canada, there is no strong nation to back them up in the efforts to increase their education. Cultural Factors. Culture, to some degree, can also adversely impact development or contribute to it. The modern world is patterned to a great extent after the Western cultures of the nations that have a dominant role in this world. Those that do not fit into these patterns will not achieve success as their development would ideally proceed along different lines. An example can be the case of Africa and Native Americans in Canada. Although living in a highly developed and prosperous nation, Native Americans, South Africa and even Zimbabwe, the Aboriginals fail to attain economic well-being. One reason that precludes their success is supposed to be their culture that envisages collective ownership and sharing of resources, as opposed to the idea of individual private rights that characterizes Western culture Kendall, (2001 pg 43). Industrial technology best develops in conditions that favour private ownership however, for these countries, it often means they have to abandon their cultural values which in most cases is not the case. CONCLUSION The difficulties of modernising and developing third world countries are multiple. More often than not different factors of third world countries will be present in areas affected by this problem, intertwined and perpetuating each other. Thus, the political situation marked by elite domination perpetuates economic inequalities that in their turn cause inadequacy of educational facilities and ensuing lack of local qualified specialists. Lack of medical services can lead to absence of effective family planning measures that in their turn lead to overpopulation and then to poverty as the national GDP struggles to catch up with economic growth.  Therefore, addressing a set of problems rather than separate issues is the cornerstone for building an effective development program.

Detterence

Running Head: Deterrence 1 Deterrence Criminology Shawn Caulder Excelsior College Deterrence 2 Abstract: During the course of study in references for the topic of deterrence I have found a vast amount of information.Most are articles written by different intellectual scholars in the criminal justice field all weighing in on what they believe the theory of â€Å"Deterrence† is and how it relates to the ability to deflect and or inhibit crime during war time, peace time and stately situations. In particular I found one article to be an astounding work done by a man named Stephen Quackenbush with an article titled General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory (2006). Although this article deals with deterrence theory of international conflict it still involves the basic roots of deterrence.I would like to show that through Mr. Quackenbush’s work one can come very close to a â€Å"Perfect Theory of Deterrence â€Å" by simply following the logic of the article. Deterrence 3 When searching for the topic it was my goal to find the meaning of deterrence and or the application behind the theory. I wanted something with close ties to the relationship of the text we are using in the classroom.The text we are using Vold’s Theoretical Criminology, 6th ed (Bernard, Snipes, & Gerould, 2010). I found in the article what I needed to relate different aspects of the text to the fundamentals behind what S. Quackebush (2006) had theorized about the levels behind deterrence. Not only does his research provide information on when and how to implement deterrence it can use simple math to determine the victor in every situation based on fundamentals of push and shove and force on force comparisons.In order to understand what deterrence was I wanted to find a source to provide a little more input than data from the 1800’s, as we have learned from Cesare Bonesana (1738-1794) statement concerning the implementation of ke eping punishments proportional to the seriousness of the crime so that the cost always exceeds the reward (Bernard, Snipes, & Gerould, pg. 14). This is all well and good to understand how to set its boundary of punishment to the crime but I needed a better understanding of how it worked and what other factors besides crime helped to determine severity and what types of deterrence we see in our world today.By looking into Quackenbush’s (2006) theory I can gain a better understanding of the levels of deterrence and the players in the game. By understanding it better myself and can readily adapt it better in my of life and have a better understanding of why and how it is used not only on the global level but on every street corner in America. I order to locate the information I was searching for I followed the link provided in module one under the paper one resource provided by the course administrator.After following the link to the Excelsior Library’s resource search pa ge I entered deterrence into the search box and began to look for articles that appealed to me over those that were easier for lack of a better term. Deterrence 4 I did find an article prior to the one by Mr. Quackenbush (2006) but after careful review I found the course required the article to be from 2000 and up. My article was from the 1930’s so that got quickly recycled and I found the article mentioned above.When I have used the library resource in the past I find it is always best to find your specific subject of study go to that portion of the library and search using specific terms within the requirements you have for the research to be done. In this case it was easy I had one word to describe my intent to the search box and in return it pulled up many documents. I knew that since mine needed to be a specific format â€Å"Article† I then eliminated all but the required information such as periodicals and journals. Of course a wide variety of useful and some no t so useful articles, journals and periodicals popped up.I simply perused through them until I found a few that grabbed my attention. I would then open the journal and briefly read through it to see if it contained the content I wanted or was interested in. Once I found the writing that best fit the work I wanted to explore my time was done in the Excelsior Library. While looking through the many choices that were made available to me I quickly looked at content for information that one, intrigued me and two had some rational sense in which I could then understand and use.What is the point of using information that you have no Comprehension of? Once these guidelines were established I look at the list of references and crossed checked these and the original author through the internet to find any additional information that may have been useful to me. The trick to this as well is to find a resource that has the intent of the message being interpreted and received by the viewer. If I am to do a paper on deterrence what benefit would I gain from a paper on crime rates in Kalamazoo, MI? At this point relevance to the meaning of the research is a factor.Another key thing to look for in an article is what amount of evidence is backed up by fact and how much of it is based on opinion or hearsay? Deterrent 5 A good resource needs to be based on as much proven fact and be backed by additional works to allow for the best use of the material in which you are going to use for your paper. Anyone can find a story on their topic but is it a story or is there hard evidence to back it up?I believe my methods of evaluation are probably a bit more stringent than those described in the library resource. I tend to be a stickler for what I want to use for any form of writing in order to try to get my point across as best as possible. The library resources are abundant with useful information though. Do not think I am discrediting then because that would be far from the truth. As a new student when I first started my Undergraduates Degree I used all the resources available to me especially the library.The article I chose to introduce to compliment Chapter two’s lesson on deterrence is an article called General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory, by Stephen L. Quackenbush (2006). When I first began to read the article it intrigue my because it deals not just with the cause and effect of deterrence but the quantative measure of it as if it is and has always been a scientific fact of life. It begins by stating deterrence is the use of a threat (explicit or not) by one party in attempt to convince another party not to upset the status quo (Quackenbush, S.L. 2006). It breaks it down into two purposes which are direct and extended deterrence. One is immediate and used primarily as a means of prevention or attack on a defender, while the other is meant to deter a general population. Along with this are two types of situa tions that are created by deterrence. The first is immediate and is targeted toward a specific challenger and general which is all encompassing of a group (Quackenbush, S. L. 2006). Deterrent 6Inside these purposes are different categories to describe different events of deterrence to include direct immediate deterrence, direct general deterrence, extended immediate deterrence and extended general deterrence (Quackenbush, S. L. 2006). These are considered different strategies based on your position. In this article the author chose to focus primarily on direct general deterrence to prove his theory of the â€Å"perfect deterrence†. At many times Dr. Quackenbush (2006) speaks in term of deterrence being that of a game. I will describe the way that I understand his game based n the article as it delves deep into mathematical equations that do make sense but are a long way to describe it how I will. As discussed before there are and have to always be two sides when we speak of deterrence. In the case of the article they are known as Challenger and Defender. In this game there are choices to be made and depending on the choice each side makes will determine whether you are the defender or the challenger. Think of it if you will like a national game of chess depending on how you chose to play your piece will either make you the aggressor or leave you making defensive moves to get out of harm’s way.Earlier it was discussed that deterrence is simply used to bring one party back to the status quo or the normal. Being the defender or challenger and based on the decisions you make will put you into one of two places. You will either be the defender, come back to the status quo or you will retaliate (becoming the challenger) and move into conflict and vice versa. Based on this Dr. Quackenbush (2006) has established that no matter where we are even in peace times there will always be a direct general deterrence. The shift from this happens when one side mov es their piece one way or another.The understanding of deterrence in this article is based on a state to state or nation to nation offensive and defensive. We typically are discussing criminal activities of general population during this course but I do have a way to show just how much it looks like the national scale of deterrence within our precincts and our cities. Deterrence 7 One of the ways it can be shown that Dr.Quackenbush’s (2006) Theory of the perfect deterrence being present in our text is to compare just a few similarities in which he based his work on. One of the first few terms that come to mind is deterrence decay and residual deterrence. If compared to the though t of a continual deterrence as suggested by Dr. Quackenbush then you can consider these the effects of a deterrent being put into place. This would happen in three stages the initial deterrent, the deterrent decay and what would be left would be the residual deterrence. By showing that there are dif ferent levels and or stages of deterrence at any given ime then we can validate the Theory of Perfect Deterrence as proposed by Dr. Quackenbush (2006). By knowing the challenger to defender relationship it can compare to local law enforcement against drugs, crime, gangs and the list goes on. At times the law enforcement agencies are the challenger and the criminals are the defender. Those roles do reverse and local authorities have come under attack many times before. By understanding that there is always some type of ongoing deterrence whether perceived or intentional the challenger and or the defender will plan accordingly.The threat of going to jail for a crime is a constant deterrent for most. At times though there are those that weigh the benefit to the loss and chose to defy the deterrent sometimes they get away with it and sometimes they don’t. It is knowing that there is a consequence for your action that keeps most on the straight and narrow. A perceived deterrent wo uld be a shining star in proof of constant deterrence theory. Based on past experiences people will build a perceived notion of punishment for an offense. The deterrent had been initiated long ago yet the residual effect of it remains.Deterrence 8 References: Bernard, Snipes, & Gerould, (2010) Vold's Theoretical Criminology, 6th ed. Oxford University Press INC. New York, NY Quackenbush, S. L. (2006) General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory: Retrieved from: http://ehis. ebscohost. com. vlib. excelsior. edu/eds/detail? vid=4;hid=5;sid=aa2e740b-17f8-471a-843f-25982123af97%40sessionmgr111;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=a9h;AN=48490499

Benefit Types and Services of Lakeland Police Department

The duty of the Lakeland Police Department is to ensure peace and order as well as to enhance the standard of living of the citizens they serve. They are committed to the values of respect, integrity, teamwork and excellence. Theirs is the immense responsibility of being a protector to countless lives while endangering themselves in the process. Putting themselves in line, making themselves their last priority is their belief. Benefits One of the benefits that an officer accumulates is a life insurance.In case of an officer’s death, financial support will be given to his loved ones, to be more specific it can be his children, spouse or relatives. It is to ensure that once he disintegrated on this earth, his loved ones can enjoy the fund as a form of compensation. Another type of benefit is the medical fee. In case an officer is injured, pharmaceuticals, hospital rooms, physician fees and fee for a surgeon are available. Dentals may or may not be included it all depends on the arrangements. This type of benefit, with their jobs as an officer may be the most used one of all.Once an officer is retired he can enjoy the fruits of his years of labor by means of a retirement fee. It is to guarantee that he can still receive funds without having to work and he will have a means a capital in case he wants to forego on a particular business. In their hazardous job, it is bound that one is to suffer from a disability while ensuring the safety of others. A disability benefit is in order so that it can perform as an income replacement in case an officer cannot perform his duties anymore.It is also subdivided into two types, the long term and the short term disability benefits. Another type of classification is the paid time off benefit where he can still earn income while spending his holidays with family, suffering from sickness or enjoying a vacation. The Services Apart from protecting civilians, the Lakeland Police Department offers a lot of services to their citi zens in accordance with their mission and vision. First they give vital information on how to protect homes, oneself, children and neighbors from being a victim of a crime.They visit public and private, knocking in houses, distributing leaflets, posting in posters and the like that contains the necessary precautions needed. They host in awareness programs on the unsafe places like railroad crossings to prevent unnecessary accidents. They also attend vigils for the diseased, held programs for street children and orphans as well as distribute awards for the outstanding performances of certain individuals. The one they held in December 2007 was entitled â€Å"Do the Right Thing† award that was given to 5 children in Lakeland.In addition, they ensure the health of the citizens by providing first aid for minor injuries, rescue squad support for emergency situations, immunization, literature on health issues, semi-annual tuberculosis screening program, confidential blood pressure a nd weight screening and they provide information on community and health programs including a low-cost student health insurance plan designed for Lakeland students. They patrol on communities, make the necessary traffic controls and gives room for lost and found properties.They give importance to children by establishing Juvenile programs that is targetted to make them happy and healthy youth of the nation. Lakeland Police Department is not only intent punishing law-offenders but also to make sure that the visctims of such crime is safe, menatlly and hysically. They created programs to help them in making a new, if not a better life. It is through these services that mekes Lakeland Police Department become indespensible to the community and the people of Lakeland. References www. insidelakelandpd. org

Urban Rural divide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Urban Rural divide - Essay Example This diverse population in the demographic makeup of the rural sections of the country also has a vastly broad economic composition. It is notable that agriculture constitutes the relatively vast percentage of the rural economy (Great Britain, p 3, 2008). Through such observations, the government of UK is taking into account several measures to initiate programs that facilitate growth and development in the country, particularly the rural settings to ensure they catch up in development to the pace at urban locations (Farmer & Currie, p 54, 2009). Consequently, in taking these measures, the government is keen to adopt strategies and welfare policies that facilitate growth and development and encourage the working age to be more productive. The policies in their contribution are factoring the component of proofing the policies and strategies adopted to ensure that such strategies and policies of development are effective in achieving success for each of the communities, individuals and business elements in England. The urban-rural divide remains a core factor of consideration in alleviating the economic and social development of the entire England nation. The rural divide in England takes three key aspects, which entail the economic growth, the quality of life and the rural engagement aspect of the entire communities in the rural England (Michale Woods, p 581, 2006). The rural statement entails underlining the commitment of the England government to the rural elements that facilitate success. The statement reflects the vision for successful business at the rural community, thriving accordingly in living and working from the countryside; hence, better welfare (Pateman, p 43, 2010). The key objectives of bridging the urban-rural divide in this concept thus base on three key priorities. The vital areas of precedence for the policy entail establishing the

Human Resource Management Program in Electronic Firm in Ontario Case Study - 1

Human Resource Management Program in Electronic Firm in Ontario - Case Study Example Evaluators are likely to dismiss or assign scores based on their liking. Third, the success rate of the test is extremely low which raises eyebrows. If only 20% are likely to pass the test then it seems like its serving a totally different purpose other than the intended. 50% success rate would be reasoning enough if the tests were valid and reliable (Gatewood, et al., 2011). Based on the above-highlighted problems reported on the selection program, a more motivating program that serves a relevant purpose should be adopted. First, the management team should devise and develop academic/mental interview questions and evaluation criteria that can assess employees in the electronic arena which is relevant to their job descriptions and not ask outrageous questions. To test for practical skills, the panel should ask the employees to perform some relevant operations using electronic equipment and replace the metal peg activity (Gatewood, et al., 2011). Also, much more transparency in the manner in which the procedure is undertaken should be enhanced such as openly printing out the results with the score criteria clearly elaborated. The union has valid arguments that can be backed up by the payment/compensation packages offered by the company. It can compare the kind of work the employees do with the remuneration. As reported, the company seeks to hire inexperienced workers so as to pay them as little as possible. Consequently, the confidentiality of the procedure is a point worth noting. The union can claim that the examinees’ results are tampered with since they are enclosed. Thirdly, the invalidity of the test questions is a strong argument to bring across as the activities asked to be performed are irrelevant to the nature of work. This is an indication that there is a hidden motive (Gatewood, et al., 2011).

[Art subject] Christian Imagery of Madonna Essay

[Art subject] Christian Imagery of Madonna - Essay Example The earliest depictions of the virgin mother appeared upon sarcophagi, but she is often represented within groups and never given any individual importance (54). During the next 300 years the worship of the virgin mother expanded and representations of her came in various forms and materials. At the arrival of the 10th and 11th century, although art was not given much importance, the Cult of the Virgin saw a steady increase in its followers (55) during this era the virgin was often represented in the forms of â€Å"Madonna and the child†, the â€Å"Annunciation†, the â€Å"Nativity† and the â€Å"Worship of the Magi† (55). Naturally a large number of artworks depicting biblical figures and scenes can be found in churches and other venues for worship, just like in the St. James Cathedral in Seattle, Washington, USA. Among the major artworks housed in the cathedral is a collection of stained glass by Charles Connik and an altar piece made by a Florentine artist, Neri di Bicci, which depicts the Madonna and Child surrounded by six saints. It can be noted that the image of the Madonna is prominent throughout the cathedral in various forms. From paintings, to statues, to carvings, and even stained glass the Madonna is portrayed in different roles and scenarios. Mentioned earlier is the artwork done by Florentine artist Neri di Bicci, Madonna and Child surrounded by six saints, dated to have been done in 1456. The artwork depicts the virgin mother sitting on a (heavenly) throne while holding the infant Jesus on her lap ("Madonna and Child with Saints"). Both the central figures are surrounded by six saints who are seemingly engaged in a conversation either with each other and/or with the Madonna and Child. Immediately noticeable is the regal aura that comes off from the virgin mother sitting on her queenly throne. In typical theological concept, the enthroned Madonna stands for the virgin mother as the Queen of Heaven (Hurll  37). A closer look at the altarpiece

Annotated Bibliography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Annotated Bibliography - Research Paper Example Source 2: Arsanjani, A., Zhang, L., Ellis, M., Allam, A., & Channabasavaiah, K. (2007). S3: A service-oriented reference architecture. IT Professional, 9(3), 10-17. Annotation In this article, the authors talk about the advantages associated with the use of service oriented technology in businesses, such as, increase in revenue, decrease in costs, and rapid application delivery. The article is related to the research in a sense that it includes discussion about the increased dependence of businesses on service oriented architectures. The article relates to the research topic as it talks about the use of service oriented architecture in making IT related business goals and functions aligned and well managed. The authors of this article have raised some key issues regarding service oriented architecture and its transformational capabilities. Source 3: Bashir, R., Azam, F., Iqbal, M., Khanum, A., & Malik, H. (2012). A Comparative Model for Tradeoff Analysis of QoS Attributes in SOA. Jou rnal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2(11), 11097-11105. Annotation In this article, the authors talk about development of efficient service oriented architecture considering the challenge of maintaining the quality of service attributes which occurs due to compositional, as well as dynamic environment of the service-oriented architecture. The article relates to the research as it talks about a comparative model of trade-off analysis for quality of service attributes in service oriented architecture. The authors of this article propose a comparative model which should be able to study the trade off among the SOA’s quality of service attributes. The main focus of the paper is achieving an improved system through trade off among quality of service attributes. Source 4: Candido, G., Barata, J., Colombo, A., & Jammes, F. (2009). SOA in reconfigurable supply chains: A research roadmap. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 22(6), 939-949. Annotation In thi s article, the authors state that industries are becoming more and more interested in adopting automation standards as a unifying approach with a number of advantages over traditional automation. The article relates to the research in a sense that it talks about the advantages of service oriented architecture over traditional automation. The authors of the research have not only enumerated the challenges related to the application of service oriented architecture into reconfigurable supply chains but also they have provided a roadmap into a major adoption of service oriented technology to maintain the reconfigurable supply chains. Source 5: Cucinotta, T., Mancina, A., Anastasi, G., Lipari, G., Mangeruca, L., Checcozzo, R., & Rusina, F. (2009). A real-time service-oriented architecture for industrial automation. Industrial Informatics, 5(3), 267-277. Annotation In this article, the authors state that the introduction of new technologies, such as, IP based communication protocols, Zig Bee, and standard networking technologies raise significant issues that need to be properly solved. One of those issues is to support quality-of-service and real-time for real-time applications. The source is relevant to the research area in that it deals

DEVELOPING YOUR PERSONAL MODEL OF LEADERSHIP Term Paper

DEVELOPING YOUR PERSONAL MODEL OF LEADERSHIP - Term Paper Example A leader’s success is measured by how positively or negatively he or she has impacted on the lives of the subjects (Chemers, p. 67). I have admired the leadership styles of many leaders, past and present, but the main leadership influence in my life is George Washington. Though I cannot exactly emulate Washington’s personal and leadership character traits, his type of leadership will be the template upon which my leadership skills and abilities will be honed. In fact, it is these leadership traits that made George Washington the first president of the United States of America. George Washington, was born as the first child, on 22nd February 1732, to Augustine Washington and Mary Ball Washington. Despite losing his father and many other siblings at an early age, his innate leadership skills were evident when he took over the management of his father’s estates and generally ran his family matters (Cornwell, p. 146). Washington’s leadership prowess was tested several times as he rose through various ranks in the independence wars. He served diligently in the American Revolution (1775-1783). As the commander-in-chief, he strategized the whole war, with the approval of the congress. He was also charged with recruiting, organizing and training the army. In a nutshell; he is credited with the victory of the American Revolution. Even after independence he went ahead to become the first president of the United States of America and undertook a supervisory role in the drafting of its very first constitution and in the laying of the many norms upon which the modern government of the US is based (Cornwell, p. 342). Looking at his life, especially his accomplishments, one cannot miss the personal attributes that a good leader should possess. First among these virtues is courage. Leaders must be courageous in all they do. Second, George Washington displayed humility despite all the power and influence he had. He was also a visionary. In addition t o these, he was hardworking, diligent and focused. Above all, he was a God fearing and prayerful family man. These are the virtues I admire in a leader. These are the values I take from George Washington. Coming from a modest background, my dream in life is to get to a position where I can help the less fortunate in society, a position of leadership where I can positively impact the lives of my countrymen. I yearn to change my country for the better of the future generations. As I pursue this dream, the values I want to hold close to my heart are hard work and humility. I will always work hard and be humble in the process, all the while thanking God for the achievements that come my way. The main assumption if given a leadership position is that all my subordinates will rally behind me in striving to achieve personal and organizational growth and other objectives. I believe leadership is divine, and the people normally place their hopes in the leader that all their problems will be solved. Thus, as a leader, I will always try not to betray the trust of my subordinates for the sake of personal selfish gains. Finally, my expectation of the world is that it becomes a safer home for all humanity with equal rights, opportunities, and freedom for everybody as far as the pursuance of happiness is concerned. These are my aspirations as a leader. Given a chance to serve

Stock market competition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stock market competition - Assignment Example Only common stocks of operating companies are included in the index. This means limited partnerships, preferred shares, and exchangeable shares are excluded (Martin, 2009). From early February 2015, the S&P/TSX Composite Index has been experiencing a decline in growth. This is an indication that the market activities of securities listed on the Toronto Stocks Exchange have not been performing satisfactorily (Adu & Tsiyon, 1982). On Tuesday, 10th Match 2015, the Toronto Stocks market dropped further by an S&P/TSX composite index of 130.2 points to a value of 15,133.85 nearly across every major sector. Despite the decline in Toronto Stock Market activity, the Canadian economy has been experiencing growth at a yearly trend of 2.4 percent as revealed in the fourth quarter report for the year 2014. This was a higher figure than that forecasted by Thomson Reuters of 2 percent growth (Jeddi, 2005). This paper is a report of the six weeks’ simulation trading activities of the group. The trading activities started on 2nd February 2015 and ended on 13th March 2015. In order to give a detailed report, this paper considers the securities selected for trading, brief company synopsis, charts and technical analysis. The paper presents the investment strategy employed by the group and how the plan evolved and changed over the six weeks trading period. A critique of the employed strategy is also explained, and the lessons learned about speculative stock trading. The paper also gives a valuation of the portfolio’s performance indicating the dollar gain/loss and the percentage gain/loss. The group’s portfolio mainly focused on three primary sectors of the economy. The sectors include manufacturing, Information technology, and the financial sector. During the six weeks trading period, the group invested in ten publicly listed companies in the Toronto Stocks Exchange and New York Stocks Exchange. The ten

Explain and discuss how Wilson and Roosevelt changed the role of the Essay

Explain and discuss how Wilson and Roosevelt changed the role of the presidency in legislative initiatives and how they made the presidency more powerful during - Essay Example He used the Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890 to do what no one before him had been able to accomplish: attacking the huge Northern Securities Company, which held a monopoly over railroads in the northwest. He filed dozens of antitrust suits ("The Sherman Antitrust Act"). Though his efforts were aggressive, he realized he needed a different tact to achieve widespread victory over the trusts. Roosevelt continued his legislative attack on the railroads with the Elkins Act, which made it illegal to give rebates to shippers who used particular railroads. In an act of huge significance, it also stated railroads could not change set rates without notifying the public ("The Elkins Act"). The Hepburn Act of 1906 regulated free railroad passes, which the companies passed out as a "perk" to those in Washington, DC, who could provide assistance to the causes of the railroads (Kubiszewski par. 1, 2). After reading Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, Roosevelt led Congress to enact the Meat Inspection Act (1906) to establish cleanliness standards and processing requirements for the meatpacking industry. The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) followed, calling for truth in labeling of food and medical products ("Turn of the Century"). In what would be called a "green" law today, Roosevelt-initiated legislation also extended to conservation of natu

Novel by Haruki Murakami Essay Example for Free

Novel by Haruki Murakami Essay The short story â€Å"On Seeing the 100% Perfect Girl One Beautiful April Morning† by Haruki Murakami connects with the reader through the idea that you can encounter true love by chance. Unfortunately, that chance can get away from you without any real action from yourself. The story is set in Tokyo in 1981 on what is described as a beautiful April morning. It sounds like a regular day, what made it beautiful for the main character was that he saw the girl that was 100% perfect girl for him. The methods of fiction help us better understand and connect to stories. The narration is done in the first and third person points of view. The first person point of view inserts the reader into the situation, making the story very personal. The third person narrative gives a different, larger perspective on the story and gives us more of an insight into the concept of chance. From a characterization stand point the main character is portrayed as a regular person and really only encounters a regular girl but in his eyes, she is really more like a girl from another world. There is one other person in the story but only provides a little bit of dialogue and is not developed at all. The third person narrative develops the two different main characters in ways first person does not. The overall tone of the story is somber. The idea of once having your true love so close then letting â€Å"fate† run its course only to never feel the same way again is depressing As a whole, this story connects the reader to an event that many have probably encountered in their life; seeing the perfect person, just for a second but not taking action. We go on with our lives and think nothing of it but this story delves a bit deeper into a possible scenario connecting the two people. In the end however, the characters still lose each other.

Number Sense, Numercay & Place Value Essay Example for Free

Number Sense, Numercay Place Value Essay Once a basic number sense has developed for numbers up to ten (see Developing Early Number Sense) a strong sense of ten needs to be developed as a foundation for both place value and mental calculations. (This is not to say that young children do not have an awareness of much larger numbers. Indeed, there is no reason why children should not explore larger numbers while working in depth on tenness). Ten-Frames Ten-Frames are two-by-five rectangular frames into which counters are placed to illustrate numbers less than or equal to ten, and are therefore very useful devices for developing number sense within the context of ten. The use of ten-frames was developed by researchers such as Van de Walle (1988) and Bobis (1988). Various arrangements of counters on the ten frames can be used to prompt different mental images of numbers and different mental strategies for manipulating these numbers, all in association with the numbers relationship to ten. For example, examine the three ten-frames below. What numbers are illustrated? What does the particular arrangement of the counters prompt you to think about the numbers? What can you say about each numbers relationship to ten? Frame A: There are five counters; perhaps seen as a sub-groups of three and two, either by looking at the clusters at either end of the frame, or by looking at the number in the top and bottom rows. Frame B: Again there are five counters; perhaps seen as three in top row and three in the bottom, or as four and one, or two and two and one. It is also noticeable that there are five empty boxes remaining, in a similar shape to the full boxes. This prompts the awareness that five and five make ten. Frame C: This arrangement strongly illustrates the idea that five and five make ten. It also suggests the idea that half of ten is five. This type of thinking would not occur if the five counters were presented without the context of the ten-frame. Plenty of activities with ten-frames will enable children to automatically think of numbers less than ten in terms of their relationship to ten, and to build a sound knowledge of the basic addition/subtraction facts for ten which are an integral part of mental calculation. For example, a six year old child, when shown the following ten-frame, immediately said, Theres eight because two are missing. This child had a strong sense of ten and its subgroups and was assisted by the frame of reference provided by the ten-frame. Once this type of thinking is established, the ten-frame is no longer needed. Although dealing with whole numbers initially, the part-part-whole thinking about numbers supports the understanding of fractions, in particular tenths. Place Value Ten is of course the building block of our Base 10 numeration system. Young children can usually read two-digit numbers long before they understand the effect the placement of each digit has on its numerical value. For example, a 5 year-old might be able to correctly read 62 as sixty-two and 26 as twenty-six, and even know which number is larger, without understanding why the numbers are of differing values. Ten-frames can provide a first step into understanding two-digit numbers simply by the introduction of a second frame. Placing the second frame to the right of the first frame, and later introducing numeral cards, will further assist the development of place-value understanding. Games Ten-Frame Flash (5-7 years) 4 players Materials: A dozen ten-frames with dot arrangements on them, a blank ten-frame for each child, counters. Rules: One child shows a ten-frame for a count of three, then hides it while the other children place counters in the same positions on their frames from memory. The flasher shows the card again and helps each child check his/her display. After three cards the next child becomes the flasher and so on, until everyone has had a turn.

The Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube

The Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube David Newson Abstract The Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube is a simple mechanical device often used for refrigeration in industrial manufacturing as it requires only a supply of compressed gas. Despite having no moving parts the vortex tube is able to separate the compressed gas into two separate streams – one hot and one cold with temperatures observed in the range of -5 to 55. Different explanations for the processes taking place within the device haven been proposed but there is currently no single accepted theory. A fundamental understanding of the vortex tube and the equipment has been reached and the groundwork has been laid for further experimental investigation and numerical computational fluid dynamic modelling. Introduction The Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube, often referred to simply as a vortex tube, is a mechanical device involving no moving parts that can be used to separate a stream of high pressure compressed gas into two lower pressure streams of varying temperatures. The cold stream is able to reach temperatures as low as -30 ºC whilst the hot stream can reach temperatures of up to 110  ºC [1]. First invented by French physicist G. Ranque in 1933 [2] the vortex tube was unpopular at the time due to its low efficiency and the idea was discarded until 1946, when German engineer R. Hilsch took it upon himself to improve the design [3]. With increased efficiency the vortex tube became an effective and popular spot cooling device for laboratory equipment, cutting tools such as lathes and mills, and other industrial processes. Since then there has been numerous attempts to find ways to further increase its efficiency and fully understand the processes leading to the temperature separation. The processes taking place within the vortex tube are simple to observe, but more difficult to accurately explain and model. It begins with compressed gas entering the vortex tube tangentially through a swirl generator creating an initial vortex inside the tube with rotational speeds of up to 1,000,000 RPM. The vortex moves along the length of the tube until it reaches an adjustable valve allowing a fraction of the gas to escape. The remaining gas is forced back down the centre of the tube, creating a secondary vortex. This secondary vortex has a reduced diameter and is contained within the initial vortex and travels in the opposite direction back along the length of the tube. When the secondary vortex reaches the other end of the tube all remaining gas is expelled through an opening. While this is taking place, energy is transferred from the inner vortex to the outer vortex, causing the temperature of the outer vortex to increase, and the temperature of the inner vortex to decrease. As the gas from the outer, hotter vortex and the gas from the cooler, inner vortex are expelled at opposite ends of the tube the two streams of varied temperature can be directed as required and the ratio of the temperatures controlled by changing the amount of gas allowed to be expelled at the adjustable valve. Figure 1. Initial and secondary vortexes within a vortex tube [4] There are currently different explanations for the temperature separation within the vortex tube with no theory being conclusively proved. It is currently thought that the energy transferred between the vortexes is through friction of the two vortexes rotating against one another but it is unknown whether the gas within the tube experiences â€Å"solid body rotation†, where the angular velocities of the of both the inner and the outer vortexes are the same or if the two vortexes are rotating at different angular velocities. Further investigation into the speed of rotations of the vortexes within a Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube will provide greater understanding of the energy transfer. Equipment The experimental set up consisted of a Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube, two flow gauges that could be placed at positions A,B or C, two thermo couples, a gate valve and a pressure gauge positioned as shown on figure 2 below. Figure 2. Schematic of experimental setup The vortex tube was supplied by compressed air with a mains pressure of 6.6 bar with the gate valve used to control the pressures and flow rates into the vortex tube. The flow gauges used were rota meters with a range of 30-300 litres per minute. Rota meters are made of a tapered tube with a â€Å"float† inside that is lifted up by the drag force created by the flow of the liquid around it and pulled down by gravity. A higher flow rate increases flow speed and drag causing the float to be lifted higher up the tube, however, as the float is lifted higher up the tube the tube widens due to the taper and the drag force decreases until the float reaches its new equilibrium. The equilibrium can be found using the equation . (1) Where is the mass of the float, is acceleration due to gravity, is the density of the fluid, is the velocity of the object relative to the fluid, is the reference area and is the drag coefficient. With the float in equilibrium the flow rate can be read off scale at a specified point on the float. Due to the simple nature of rota meters they are affected by changes in pressure and temperature and the displayed numbers are only valid at atmospheric pressure and standard atmospheric pressure. Correcting for the effects of pressure (2) Pressures above atmospheric pressure allows greater capacity for a flow meter and the above equation is used to determine the actual flow rate at varying pressures. Correcting for the effects of temperature (3) Temperatures above standard atmospheric temperature decreases maximum flow rate and the above equation is used to determine the actual flow rate at varying temperatures. The flow gauges have an unknown impedance which has to be calculated in order to make sure placing them in the system doesn’t affect the measured pressures nor the fraction of gas expelled through the hot end valve. If it does affect the system knowing the impedance allows corrections to be calculated. The impedance is calculated by measuring the rate of flow through a single flow gauge as a function of pressure. Figure 3. Experimental set up to calculate flow gauge impedance The vortex tube itself has no moving parts and consists of very few pieces. Compressed gas is fed in through the air inlet and as it passes through the generator creates a vortex inside the spin chamber, the vortex propagates along the length of the tube with air exiting out both the hot end valve and the cold end cap. Figure 3. Schematic of Meech Vortex tube [5] The only interchangeable part of the vortex tube is the generator. The generators determine the volume of gas flow through the vortex tube and the fraction of the incoming air that exits in the cold stream – the cold fraction. The cold fraction may also be altered by adjusting the hot end valve. The total flow can be calculated using (4) Where PSIG is pounds per square inch gage. The cooling and heating power in BTUH (British Thermal Unit per Hour) can be found by using the following: For Cooling: (5) For Heating: (6) Where 1 = 0.293W, = cold fraction, = cold airflow, = hot airflow, = inlet pressure, = cold stream temperature, = hot stream temperature Results The impedance of the flow gauges were calculated by plotting flow against pressure and calculating the gradient. Figure 4. Calibration of flow gauges The gradient calculated from figure 4 is which equals The gradient was then used to calculate impedance using (7) This gives a value for the impedance of the flow gauges of acoustic ohms. Figure 5. Temperature of streams as function of pressure Figure 5 shows the relationship between the temperatures of the stream and the inlet pressure. The two trend lines intersect at 0 pressure at 23 which is the temperature of the compressed air before it entered the vortex tube. The gradient of the hot stream trend line is 8.3 and the gradient of the cold stream trend line is -7.8 0.05. This shows the temperature of the hot flow is increasing faster than the cold flow is decreasing suggesting a cold fraction of above 0.5. Figure 6. Flow rates as a function of pressure Figure 6 displays the flow rates at each of the 3 positions A,B and C from figure 2. The flow rate of the cold stream is higher than the flow rate of the hot stream confirming that the cold fraction is above 0.5 as proposed from the findings in figure 5. This figure demonstrates the corrections to the flow rate using equation (2) as before the equation is applied the measured flow rate in (green) is significantly lower than the measured flow rate out (cyan). After the correction is applied the measured flow in (magenta) is equal to the measured flow out. This is based on the assumption that the pressure at the flow gauge in position A is 6.6 bar – the pressure of the mains gas supply. Figure 7. Energy flow rates as a function of pressure Figure 7 shows the rates of flow of internal energy of the gas at points A,B and C calculated by combining the following equations (7) (8) Into (9) Where is pressure, is volume, is number of moles, is the molar gas constant, is temperature and is internal energy. From this figure it seems that no energy is lost from the system and it is simply transferred between the two flows of the gas. This is expected based on the previous result as internal energy is proportional to volume and the volumes of gas flowing in and out of the tube were constant. Discussion After much investigation the temperature and energy separation and rate of flow appear linear as a function of inlet pressure. This was not always the case as for a long period of time the volume of gas measured being expelled by the vortex tube was vastly larger than that being measured entering the tube and the rate of flows were not linear. However, after studying the equipment it was found that this was due to the flow gauges being effected by temperature and pressure. Once the raw data was corrected by taking into account for these varying conditions the data matched up to initial predictions and with far fewer anomalies. The temperature difference of the two streams was observed and; with a cold fraction greater than 0.5 the cold stream was measured to have a higher rate of flow but there was a greater temperature difference in the hot stream from the initial temperature of the gas. The current data suggests that the gas as a whole does not gain or lose any internal energy and that energy is only transferred between the gas from the cold stream to the hot stream, however, this is under the assumption that the pressure at the flow gauge in position A was constantly at 6.6 bar. If this is not the case a slight difference in pressure could reveal changes in the internal energy of the gas which could help explain the processes happening within the tube. Conclusion The equipment has been calibrated and raw data is able to be corrected to provide correct results. Temperature separation has been measured in the range of -5 to 55 with the rate of change of temperature corresponding to the cold fraction of the generator. The internal energy of the gas has been observed to remain constant; transferring only between the cold and the hot stream but there is scope to further investigate this. A basic understanding of the vortex tube has been reached and the groundwork has been laid for further investigation. With further sampling it is hoped the energy separation will be understood in greater detail and that the theory that the gas undergoes solid body rotation will be proved or disproved. Future work Future work will include experimental investigation continuing looking into the transfer of energy within the vortex tube including more detailed analysis of rate of energy flow examining whether the gas loses, gains or conserves internal energy. Different generators of varying efficiencies and cold fractions will be investigated and documented and an attempt to build a probe to determine whether the angular velocities within the vortex tube vary or are constant will take place. Aside from the experimental work computational fluid dynamics will be used to numerically explore the inner workings of the vortex tube by creating a two dimensional computational model of a vortex tube using COMSOL software using the k-ÃŽ µ model to simulate the temperature separation phenomenon. Figure x shows the temperatures of the hot and cold streams achieved by three different generators as a function of flow. The results show that the generators that produce the lowest temperatures have a lower flow rate, this is expected as there is a similar amount of energy separation for each of the generators and you can choose to have a smaller quantity of very cold gas or a larger quantity that is not as cold, or a compromise as desired. This is important as it makes the vortex tube more adaptable for industries using it for spot cooling and the temperature and flow rate can be adjusted as required. References [1] Meech air technology brochure. 2013. http://www.meech.com/resources/362/MAT.pdf [2] G. J. Ranque, â€Å"Experiments on Expansion in a Vortex with Simultaneous Exhaust of Hot and Cold Air,† Le Journal De Physique et le Radium (Paris), Vol. 4, 1933. [3] R. Hilsch, â€Å"The Use of the Expansion of Gases in a Centrifugal Field as Cooling Process,† Review of Scientific Instrument, Vol. 18, 1947. http://scitation.aip.org/docserver/fulltext/aip/journal/rsi/18/2/1.1740893.pdf?expires=1386863841id=idaccname=freeContentchecksum=2218A70412ADD7B3EFBAAC108BCC9ABE [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_tube [5] Meech Static Eliminators Ltd www.meech.com

I Became a Model Cadet Essay -- Personal Narrative

I Became a Model Cadet    Dr. Laust’s Comments: This student's assignment was to write a personal narrative essay describing an event that dramatically affected her life. Her choice of narrating her rise in the ranks of JROTC is unique, interesting, and very appropriate for the assignment. She does a very nice job of using specific details to describe aspects of the experience as well as employing dialog to accent her account. The reader gets a clear sense of the impact this event had on her life. I moved to Slidell in the summer of 1998. It was a start of my tenth grade year at Northshore High School. I remember going to enroll the week before school started. I followed my mom into the school library like a lost puppy. There were new kids all over who were just as scared as I was. The room was filled with administrators sitting at tables asking millions of school-related questions to parents who were fumbling through papers to find a retort. Two people caught my attention in the room. They were a girl and a boy sharply dressed in pickle-green uniforms. Their chests were decorated with numerous shiny metals that reflected their accomplishments. The girl's dark brown hair was neatly tied in a bun off of her shoulders, and the boy's was shaven. Their black shoes were so shiny you could see your own reflection in them if you looked. They walked over to me and introduced themselves as Commanding Officer Cadet Lieutenant Colonel Wendy Arlington and her right hand man Cadet Fi rst Lieutenant Dwight Lewis. They were friendly. They shook my hand when they greeted me and told me about the JROTC program at Northshore High School. I told them I was nervous about a new school and was looking to meet people. They promised me... ...e "OOH RAH, good job cadet." Compliments are rare, so this one made me feel like Superwoman. The team brought home a second place trophy on my first of many competitions. I had found my niche. The following year the next drill team leader was to be picked. I knew I was ready for it. The Senior Army Instructor, Colonel Tommy Palmertree, held an awards ceremony. He kept the team leader as a surprise until the end. Of course, this kept me on the edge of my seat biting my nails in anticipation. Finally, Colonel Palmertree announced me as the following year's leader. He said I would hold the position as Cadet First Lieutenant. I knew that I had finally achieved my goal. I had become a great leader like Cadet Lieutenant Colonel Armington and Cadet First Lieutentant Dwight Lewis. I would lead others and influence them in the same way as they influenced me.

Medication Compliance in Elderly :: essays research papers

Running Head: Enhancing Medication Compliance in Elderly Individuals Research Utilization Paper An Intervention Study to Enhance Medication Compliance in Community-Dwelling Elderly Individuals Chris Elmer HSCI 401 Fall 2001 My research study was to determine whether daily videotelephone or regular telephone reminders would increase the quantity of prescribed cardiac medication taken in a sample of elderly individuals who have congestive heart failure (CHF) (Peteva, 2001). Within this research I would disseminate the new scientific knowledge with the help of the pharmaceutical company that makes the congestive heart failure medication. With the help and support of the pharmaceutical maker, I would provide a full in-service to the nursing staff of hospitals and doctor’s offices alike. In doing this, this would provide a friendly and educational atmosphere in a nursing practice setting to get complete understanding of the research findings and how they as nurses can make a difference in the consumption of prescribed medication. Secondly, I would write a journal article and have it published in the pharmaceutical’s bulletin to include a well-known nursing journal. These journal articles would contain the findings of the research and suggestions on how the nursing staff can help the patients improve the compliance of taking prescribed medication. Once the information is disseminated into the medical public, the nurses will apply the learned knowledge to their practice for the elderly patients who are taking congestive heart failure medication. First, the nurse will collect all the patients that are currently taking congestive heart failure medication and explain to them on a one-on-one basis the benefits of having reminders to comply with taking prescribed medications. Then nurse would also explain the pros and cons of the reminders and that the videotelephone reminders would be provided at no cost to the patient. If the patient agrees to utilize the videotelephone reminder, the patient would sign a patient confidentiality agreement and liability agreement for legal reasons. What the agreements would stand for is a â€Å"need to know basis,† meaning that the patients information is strictly confidential and those who are on a need to know basis would have access to the patients information. The liability agreement is s o that the patient could not sue the pharmaceutical company or the medical facility where they are being treated if a complaint involved only the videotelephone reminder program. Once the videotelephone reminder program is implemented the pharmaceutical company and myself would provide quarterly visits to the medical site to collect data on the progress of the program.

Changing Career Patterns :: Jobs Work Essays

Changing Career Patterns This project has been funded at least in part with Federal funds from the U.S. Department of Education under Contract No. ED-99-CO-0013. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Education nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Digests may be freely reproduced and are available at http://ericacve.org/fulltext.as Choi Joon Seo, a 31-year-old Korean who worked as regional marketing manager for Nike in Hong Kong, resigned his job so he could pursue his dream of building his own sports marketing company. (Jung et al. 2000) Heidi Miller of Citigroup and Mary Cirillo of Deutsche Bank, two of the most senior women in U.S. banking, resigned their jobs to look for new career challenges in e-commerce. (Currie 2000) Alan Goldstein, in response to his growing interest in computer technology, resigned from his career as trauma surgeon at Kings County Hospital in New York, and, at age 49, formed his own software company. (Mottl 1999) Glenn Gainley, after working his way to vice president in charge of business units at Symbios, Inc., quit his job at age 40 and returned to school to pursue a teaching career. (Black 1999) These examples of career changes reflect a common trend—increased job mobility. The linear career path that once kept people working in the same job, often for the same company, is not the standard career route for today's workers. Today, many workers are pursuing varied career paths that reflect sequential career changes. This set of ongoing changes in career plans, direction, and employers portrays the lifetime progression of work as a composite of experiences. This Digest explores how changing technologies and global competitiveness have led to redefinition of interests, abilities, and work options that influence career development. Influences on Career Mobility Job mobility no longer carries the stigma once associated with job change, although it can be emotionally stressful. Corporate upheavals of the early 1990s and low unemployment rates during the last part of the decade have caused changes in job search and hiring practices. Companies, especially those in technology fields that are in dire need of qualified, skilled, and experienced employees, are driven to recruit workers away from their current employers. Workers, who see job mobility as a way to find work that is appealing, challenging, and offers growth potential, are viewing career change as a way to progress through the uncertainties of the workplace.

New Criticism

New Criticism was a trend in literary theory that emphasized the predominance of the literary text: â€Å"New Criticism was the dominant trend in English and American literary criticism in the mid twentieth century, from the 1920’s to the early 1960’s. Its adherents were emphatic in their advocacy of close reading and attention to texts themselves, and their rejection of criticism based on extra-textual sources, especially biography. At their best, New Critical readings were brilliant, articulately argued, and broad in scope, but sometimes they were idiosyncratic and moralistic† (Wikipedia). The emergence of New Criticism coincided with the reaction from literary studies to the nineteenth century philological tradition and its emphases on extra-literary phenomena and biographism. Essentially, the adherents of the New Criticism school were opposed to the interpretation of literary texts in light of the authors’ lives, stating that the literary text is a self-sufficient entity and its significance is independent from reality in general. Also read: Absolute Statement Fallacy One of the aspects which is less known and discussed is that the main theses of the New Criticism school had many affinities with Prague Structuralist Circle which was developing at the same time. Such elements as the rejection of the extra-textual in the interpretation of literature or of the author’s intention are to be encountered in the studies of the Prague structuralists too. The common denominator between the two schools – and this explains the nature of their focus – is Russian Formalism, which was developed in the early twentieth century and which had a very strong impact on the critical approaches of both schools. The main theorists of New Criticism were: John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, R.P. Blackmur, Robert Penn Warren, I.A. Richards, William Empsom, Cleanth Brooks, William Wimsatt, & Monroe Beardsley. It was the 1941 book by John Crowe Ransom – New Criticism – that formally constituted the diverse critics into a school in its own right. The New Critics were highly prolific and, although they are largely rejected today, their studies on literature became famous and a necessary reference in the history of literary criticism. Some of the most influential studies were: Brooks’ The Well Wrought Urn, Empson’s Seven Types of Ambiguity, Brooks and Warren’s Understanding Poetry, and Richard’s Practical Criticism or Monroe and Beardsley’s essay â€Å"The Intentional Fallacy†. The main elements of New Criticism were: NC sees the text as an autotelic (a word that was a NC fave) artifact; it is something autonomous, written for its own sake, unified (an aspect never fully fleshed out in any logical or coherent way by the NCs) in form, & independent of the writer’s life, intent, etc. In fact- 3 of the major tenets of NC were: 1) self-sufficiency: the poem should be independent of biography, historical content or effect on the reader– which were called the Intentional, Historical & Affective fallacies. 2) unity: the poem should be a coherent whole- a very traditional view, albeit limited. 3) complexity: thought to be the central element of poetry. NC believed it was the reader’s duty to seek this out in the art. Violations of these tenets were examples of the Intentional Fallacy- that the artist’s intent is the primary value of the art (Schneider, 1). In other words, proper criticism was to avoid the three main fallacies and focus solely on the text. Ironically, it was these main assumptions that were challenged by later schools of criticism such as Reader Response or New Historicism, which argued for the importance of readership and historicity in our understanding of literature. The primacy of the text in unveiling the meaning of literature signified that the New Critics posited a direct relationship between form and meaning. Their analyses of literary texts consisted mostly of in-depth formal and structural discussions of poetic language and devices. For instance, William Empson’s Seven Types of Ambiguity focused solely on the semantic aspect of poetry, which he could grasp by an analysis of specific poetic devices such as paradox or metaphor. Many of the New Critics’ statements took on an absolute value, consisting of formulations which resembled inviolable laws of literature. For example, Cleanth Brooks’ The Well-Wrought Urn starts with a definition of the relation between paradox and poetry as absolute: â€Å"Few of us are prepared to accept the statement that the language of poetry is the language of paradox† (Brooks, 3). Perhaps a wiser stance towards this matter – especially when it comes to finding specificity in poetry – might be to argue for a poetics of differences and a more relativistic point of view from which to contemplate paradox in the particular context of its use. These absolute and generalizing stances towards literature were seriously challenged by many critics as reductive, eclectic and deterministic. As other critics from Reception or New Historicism schools have shown, a trans-historical or reader-blind approach to literature cannot do justice to the literary work, nor can it account for its meaning because there is a permanent dialogue between literature and reality, the text and its reader and the text’s significance can be redefined in these encounters. Works Cited: Brooks, Cleanth. The Well-Wrought Urn. Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Harcourt,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brace and World, Inc., New York, 1947. â€Å"New Criticism†. Wikipedia. 18.12.2006 . Schneider, Dan. â€Å"New Criticism: Same Old Game Redux†. On American Poetry  Ã‚   Criticism & Other Dastardly –Isms. 18.12.2006 http://www.cosmoetica.com/D20-DES14.htm.            

How to Meet Customer Needs Essay

A marketing campaign should have the goal of meeting customer needs in mind. There are certain things you can do to make sure you meet your customer needs, and those are explained below: First and foremost offer good customer service. The customer is not always right, but they should always be respected and valued. So, make sure that your customers know they are important to you, and that you want to meet their needs. If they know this, they will be more forgiving, and they will be more willing to stay loyal to you and help you meet their needs by informing you of what those needs are. Another great way to meet customer needs is to find out exactly what it is that your customers expect from you, and how they want their needs met. You can do this by issuing customer surveys. Have customers do a small three question survey with room for comment as they check out, or by mail, etc. you can attach some sort of incentive to it. This will give you a clear idea of what your customers want, and what areas you could improve on. Surveys are a marketing campaign of sorts, they get your name out there, and they help people know you care. Another way to meet customer needs through your marketing campaign is to make sure your customers are aware of how you will deal with their complaints. Mention your methods of dealing with complaints in the campaign. For example, say â€Å"If you are not satisfied you get 100% of your money back.† This is a marketing campaign that has proven very effective because people do not feel risk, and thus are more open to purchasing something. Another great marketing campaign that can help you to meet customer needs is through offering repeat business cards. These are like punch cards where they get incentive for coming in, buy however many, get however many free. This helps you identify repeat customers at the check out, and gives your employees a chance to ask them if there is any sort of changes they would like to see made to your level of service, etc. It also gives customers the feeling of being appreciated, and they get a reward for being loyal, which makes them happy as well. Last but not least, as part of your marketing campaign, you can meet customer needs through allowing for and providing opportunity for comments to be made. Include a toll free phone number that can be called with questions. Provide a comment card in the bag you put their item in after purchase, etc. Marketing is not all about getting your name out there. One big part of marketing is meeting customer  need. This can be taking the product to them, instead of having them come to you. It can mean offering incentives with multiple purchases. It can mean giving the customer the right and enough information to find you and your business. To find out what your customer’s needs are, ask them, and then put your marketing team’s heads together to come up with a way to meet those needs through your marketing campaign. You will want to build strong products, and inform your customers through marketing of any improvements you make. You will also want to allow them to make suggestions for improvement, and thank them for any comments they do make. After all, your customers are who keep you in business, so make part of your marketing campaign be listening to their suggestions, and acting on valuable ones.

Data Protection Essay

Introduction In this report I am going to explain data protection, talk about the data protection acts, rights and principles. I’m going to talk about a data controller and a data processor and what their responsibilities are. What personal and sensitive data are. What a data receiver is and what his rights are, what is involved in direct marketing and I will mention an example of abuse or corruption that occurred in Ireland. Data protection acts Data protection is legal control over and access to use of data stored in computers. The office of the data protection commissioner is responsible for upholding the privacy rights of individuals in relation to the processing of their personal data. The acts state the information must be accurate, only those who should have access to it do and it is only to be used for specified purposes. You have the right to access your own information and correct wrong data or even erase it. Moran (2014) states that â€Å"you can have data without information, but you cannot have information without data†. Rights and principles There are 8 principles of data protection 1. It must be collected and fairly used 2. It must only be held and used for the reasons given to the information commissioner 3. It can only be used for registered purposes and showed to those mentioned in the register entry 4. You must only have the details you need for the job you are doing 5. It must be accurate and kept up to date 6. Cannot be kept longer than necessary for the registered purpose 7. Information must be kept safe and secure, must be backed up and kept away from unauthorised access 8. Files must not be transferred outside of the EU. Unless the country it is being sent to has a suitable data protection law. Data controller Data controller is a person who controls the contents and use of personal data. â€Å"Those who, either alone or with others control the contents and use of personal data. Data controllers can be either legal entities such as  companies, Government departments or voluntary organisations, or they can be individuals such as G.P’s, pharmacists or sole traders† (the office of the data protection commissioner (2014). The responsibilities of a data controller 1. Obtain and process the information fairly 2. Keep it only for one or more specified and lawful purposes 3. Process it only in ways compatible with the purposes for which it was given to you initially 4. Keep it safe and secure 5 .Keep it accurate and up-to-date 6. Ensure that it is adequate, relevant and not excessive 7. Retain it no longer than is necessary for the specified purpose or purposes 8. Give a copy of his/her personal data to any individual, on request Data processor Data processor is a person who processes personal data on behalf of a data controller but does not include an employee of a data controller who processes such data in the course of his employment. The office of the data protection commissioner (2014) states that â€Å" the data processor is distinct from the data controller for whom they are processing the personal data†¦someone who is contracted to provide a particular data processing service (e.g. a tax advisor) would be a data processor†. Personal data The office of the data protection commissioner (2014) states that â€Å"†personal data† means data relating to a living individual who is or can be identified either from the data or from the data in conjunction with other information that is in, or is likely to come into, the possession of the data controller†. Sensitive data Sensitive data is someone private information which may be related to their gender, age, race, marital status or sexual preference etc. The office of the data protection commissioner states that â€Å"relates to specific categories of data which are defined as data relating to a person’s racial origin; political opinions or religious or other beliefs; physical or mental health; sexual life; criminal convictions or the alleged commission of an offence; trade union membership. You have additional rights in relation to the  processing of any such data†. Data receiver (controller) The data receiver is the data controller he/she is the person who receives the data Direct Marketing Direct marketing is giving individuals information about products and services, is it completely legal providing it respects the individual’s right to privacy. The office of the data protection commissioner states that â€Å"The basic rule that applies to direct marketing is that you need the consent of the individual to use their personal data for direct marketing purposes. As a minimum, an individual must be given a right to refuse such use of their personal data both at the time the data is collected (an â€Å"opt-out†) and, in the case of direct marketing by electronic means, on every subsequent marketing message. The â€Å"opt-out† right must be free of charge†. Abuse and Corruption in Ireland May 2010: Captain Evan Cullen versus Michael O’Leary: Ryanair CEO Michael O’Leary apologised for wrongly describing a trade union official as a â€Å"failed Aer Lingus pilot† during RTE’s Prime Time in September 2006. The apology formed part of a settlement of a High Court action against him by Irish Air Line Pilots Association (IALPA) president, Captain Evan Cullen. Mr O’Leary also agreed to make a contribution to two charities by Mr Cullen as part of the settlement. In taking his defamation case Mr Cullen claimed the â€Å"failed pilot† had caused damage to his reputation both in his community and among his work colleagues. Mr Cullen said the remarks had caused â€Å"considerable upset to both himself and his family†, but that he was pleased his â€Å"good name and reputation as a pilot† has been fully vindicated. Conclusion In this report I have explained data protection, talked about the data protection acts, rights and principles. I’ve talked about a data controller and a data processor and what their responsibilities are, What personal and sensitive data are. What a data receiver is and what his rights are, what is involved in direct marketing and I have mentioned an example of abuse or corruption that occurred in Ireland. Reference list Kosta, E. (2013) Consent in European Data Law, Leiden: Nijhoff. Moran, D. (2014) â€Å"Brainy Quotes† [Online], available: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/data.html [accessed 28th November 2014] Office of the data protection commissioner (2014) â€Å"A guide for data Controllers† [Online], available: http://www.dataprotection.ie/docs/A-Guide-for-Data-Contollers/696.htm [accessed 28th November 2014] Defamation Ireland (2014) â€Å"Defamation cases in Ireland† [Online], available:http://www.defamationireland.com/defamation-cases-in-ireland/ [accessed 28th November 2014]

The advantages and disadvantages of using psychodynamic concepts of repression and resistance

The term â€Å"psychodynamic† suggests any explanation that emphasises the process of change or transformation and development, i. e. , the dynamics (changeability) of behaviour or the forces that drive an individual to behave the way he or she does. â€Å"Dynamics† are the things that drive us or a machine to behave in particular ways. (Eyesenck & Flanagan, 2000. p 172)i. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical theory is probably the best-known example of the psychodynamic model. His view was that psychological disorders did not have a physical origin but instead arose out of unresolved, unconscious conflicts, which formed essentially in early childhood. All psychodynamic concepts arose from Freud's theory of personality development in which he essentially argued that the mind is divided into three parts. First, there is the id, which consists of mainly unconscious sexual and aggressive, essentially selfish, instincts. The motivating force is the innate sexual drive found in every human i. e. the libido. Second, there is the ego, which is the rational and conscious part of the mind. Third, there is the superego or the conscience. These three parts of the mind are frequently at conflict with one another. Conflicts occur most often between the id and the superego, because the id wants instant gratification, where as the superego takes account of moral standards and decorum. Since, conflicts cause anxiety, the ego defends itself against anxiety by using several defence mechanisms to prevent traumatic thoughts and feelings reaching consciousness. One of the major defence mechanisms is repression, which forces memories of conflicts and traumas out of consciousness and into the unconscious mind. Other defence mechanisms may include resistance, displacement and projection. Resistance is also another term to represent the process whereby thoughts and memories that are in the unconscious mind are prevented from reaching the conscious mind. Also within psychoanalysis, the term is used to refer to the way in which the person being analysed, offers resistance to the interpretations offered by the analyst (Cardwell,1996,2000)ii. Displacement occurs when aggressive or other intense impulses are transferred away from a threatening person to someone or something non-threatening. Projection occurs when someone who possesses an undesirable characteristic or attitude, attributes it to other people. For example, someone who is very hostile may claim that other people are hostile to him or her (Eyesenck & Flanagan, 2000. p 173)iii. According to Freud, psychological disorders can arise when an individual has unresolved conflicts and traumas from childhood. Defence mechanisms, such as the before mentioned, may be used to reduce anxiety caused by such unresolved conflicts, however, all they do is hide the conflict rather than resolve it. This psychodynamic model proposed by Sigmund Freud was the first systematic model of mental illness/disorders that focused specifically on psychological factors as the cause of a mental disorder and on a psychological form of treatment. Before Freud, all explanations of mental illness were in terms of either biological (physical) causes or fantastic ideas such as possession by evil spirits. For his time, Freud's ideas must have been revolutionary but in this day and age, it is impossible to accept his concepts and theories without due criticism. Considering the concept of repression, one may find it hard to test the theory, and therefore hard to prove the validity of the concept of repressed memories. However there have been attempts to conduct experiments to demonstrate the phenomenon of repression. These typically involve creating anxiety to produce forgetting or repression. After that, the anxiety is removed to show that repressed information is still in long-term memory (referred to as â€Å"return of the repressed†). To their disadvantage, such experiments are ethically questionable-is it right to expose anyone to anxiety provoking situations or information in order to study the concept of repression? (Eyesenck & Flanagan, 2000. p 174)iv One of the main methods used by Freud earlier during treatment in order to gain deeper insight into the patient's subconscious was hypnosis. The very first disadvantage of this method is its unreliability. Not everyone can be hypnotised, and there is no way of determining who can or can't be. In addition, when under hypnosis, a person is extremely vulnerable and susceptible to influence. Memories can thus be unintentionally implanted or suggested by the therapist by use of descriptive details or leading questions. There are essentially three times when memory can be affected: when it is stored, while it is being stored and when it is retrieved, which basically covers all the time. Therefore, at any of these times something could be misunderstood, associated or implanted in our memories. Psychologists are not the only influences our memories may be affected by. Everyday memories like recollections of horror movies, comic books, nightmares, anything on TV etc. are very capable of becoming embedded in our memory and then muddled up with other memories. Memories of these things can come out in the hypnosis therapy and if they are in line with the therapists own interpretations, he or she will think it to be true and valid information. Remembering detailed accounts of events that never took place is known as the False Memory Syndrome (FMS). Thus, not only is it up to the reliability of the technique being used to resurrect a repressed memory but it is also depends on the mind of the patient to distinguish these other influences and recall only the true event. One would think why people would want to dredge up memories if they are not real. The reasons can be plentiful, it can simply be fraud, or as the FMS suggests, since the persons mind has been all jumbled up with the therapist's suggestions and other influences, he or she himself/herself believes the memory to be true. Ultimately, there is no easy answer or explanation to the theory of repression and retrieval yet. The implications for treatment under such a psychodynamic approach are that the primary goal of therapy is to enable patients to gain access to their repressed memories and conflicts, and to encourage them to face up to whatever emerges from their unconscious mind. Freud used the term â€Å"insight† to refer to the processes involved. He assumed that insight would permit the repressed memories to be integrated into the ego or conscious self, after which the patient would be better able to cope with life. Since, even though memories of the anxiety provoking conflict or trauma were repressed, they tended to surface in different forms of neurosis or psychological disorders. In the beginning, Freud used hypnosis as a means of accessing repressed memories (the famous case study of Anna O) but later felt that this was an unreliable method. The other two methods were dreams, as the â€Å"royal road† to the unconscious, and free association, a technique where the client is encouraged to say the first thing that comes to is or her mind. Eyesenck & Flanagan, 2000. p 174)v One of the first disadvantages of such a mode of treatment is that psychoanalysis depends heavily on the therapist's interpretation of what the patient says. How, for example, does the therapist know that a boy who has a fear of horses is actually afraid of his father and not simply scared that the horse might hurt him in some way? At his defence, Freud argued that the acid test, which was the patient's reaction to the therapist's proposed interpretation could be used here. If the client accepts the accuracy of the interpretation, then it is probably correct. On the other hand, if the patient rejects the therapist's interpretation of say a dream, that may simply be resistance by the patient's conscious mind to an unacceptable but entirely accurate interpretation made by the therapist. The problem with this is that therapist seems to win both ways because he or she either uses the patient's acceptance or denial of the reasonableness of an interpretation as corroborating evidence that the interpretation is accurate. Freud argued that we can regard psychoanalysis as similar to solving a jigsaw puzzle. It may be hard to decide whether a given interpretation is correct, or to decide where to place a particular piece of the puzzle. However, the interpretations of dozens of a patient's free associations and dreams should form a coherent picture, just as the pieces of jigsaw puzzle can only be arranged in one way. â€Å"(Eyesenck & Flanagan, 2000. p 174) Another disadvantage of treatment based on the psychodynamic approach, is that it is very time consuming, due to the concepts of resistance, i. e. , the patient's reluctance to face his or her past. As Freud said (1917,p. 289)vii: â€Å"The patient attempts to escape by every possible means. First he says nothing comes into his head, then that so much comes into his head that he can't grasp any of it†¦ At last he admits that he really cannot say anything, he is ashamed to†¦ So goes on, with untold variations. In all fairness, there is quite a bit of evidence to support the concepts of repression and resistance. But one seems to wonder if a person cannot recall a certain memory, was it ever really a memory? Did it ever really happen? Due to the breadth of recorded cases of repression, no one can deny its existence, all we can conclude is that until psychologists can drag our unconsciousness completely into the light, the reliability of retrieval of repressed memories will b e left in the dark.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Free International Trade

Advantages and Disadvantages of Free International Trade    Title of Coursework (please provide whole question) 2(a) Explain why free international trade can be good for countries’ economies, and examine the attempts to reduce trade barriers in the past decade. (maximum 1,000 words) 2 (b) What negative effects might free international trade have upon countries’ economies, and why might counties adopt protectionist policies? (maximum 1,000 words)    Question 2a, Explain why free international trade can be good for countries’ economies, and examine the attempts to reduce trade barriers in the past decade. Trade is a major engine of growth, both in developed and developing countries. Correspondingly, the opening of markets to allow for free trade internationally has been cited as a key factor boosting trade and economic growth globally over the years (OECD, 1999; 2003). There are a number of theories that highlight the reasons why countries should engage in international trade, and which cons equently enhance support for the argument for free trade. These include Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage, the theory of comparative advantage by David Ricardo, and other more recent theories (Mankiw, 2010). The theory of comparative advantage which is one of the most popular theories advocating free trade, posits that nations should specialise in the production of goods for which they have relative/comparative advantage, and exchange them for products from other countries with relative advantage in other products (Reuvid and Sherlock, 2011). Although this theory has some flaws, one of them being that it ignores limits in international demand that may exist for the specialised outputs of some countries (Reuvid and Sherlock, 2011), it nevertheless provides a strong argument for the promotion of free trade. Beyond theoretical reasons, statistics lend further support to the benefits of engaging in international trade. Sachs and Warner (1995), in a study to determine whet her nations open to trade are more prosperous, over a period from 1970 to 1989, reported that for developed countries, the rate of growth for open economies was 2.3% per year, and compared with 0.7% for closed economies. In developing countries, the gains were even higher, with a growth rate of 4.5% for open countries, as against 0.7% for closed countries. The OECD (2003) highlights other potential benefits of removing barriers to trade. They state that removing all tariffs on merchandise trade, and reducing the costs of trade by 1% of global trade value will boost overall welfare globally by over $170 billion a year, and this could add the equivalent of up to 2% to the current GDP of some regions. Other advantages of promoting free international trade through the removal of barriers are as follows: It gives customers greater choice by making available a wider variety of products, and also access to potentially cheaper and/or better quality goods. Removing price distortions encourag es the use of resources in a way that maximises the advantages offered by a country’s strengths/resources. In developing countries, these improvements in resource allocation and increased revenue from exports contribute to the national income and increase the resources available for further investments in development. It also enhances a country’s productivity and wealth (Love and Lattimore, 2009; Reuvid and Sherlock, 2011; The Economist, 2013b). These benefits have led to considerable attempts to reduce trade barriers, some of which shall be discussed subsequently.

Business ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business ethics - Assignment Example The mid 1900 brought a remarkable change in the attitude of the people of the United States towards society and business. Towards the end of the decade, dramatic acceleration of interest towards business ethics can be found within the big corporations as well as within academia. After the World War II the United States rose to the position of a dominant economic power in the globe. Multinational corporations based in America were expanding in size and increasing in importance. The public image of the business world steadily got altered with big businesses replacing small and medium-sized businesses. Corporations progressively started to find them more subject to public scrutiny and open criticism. This led them to respond to this changing scenario by turning sincerely to the needs of the society and developing a solid impression of social responsibility. With this initiative, corporate organizations started to launch various programs encompassing their responsibility towards the soci ety. Companies began to spend considerable sum of money for advertising these programs and for the promotion of the social benefit produced by these programs (George, 2012). All companies come into business and function with a profit maximization objective. However, it is important for corporate organizations to acknowledge that this objective has to be fulfilled along with the fulfilment of the social responsibility of the organizations; this necessitates the adherence to business ethics. Although providing high returns to the company’s shareholders remains the prime objective for any business firm, the concept of business ethics advocates that these objectives cannot be achieved at the cost of moral, environmental and social considerations. A long-term business can only prosper if it successfully satisfies the needs of the other stakeholders in the society, such as employees, customers, communities and the governments. Also, long term goals of the organization can come true if its activities are sustainable and do not contradict with the requirements of the environment. Absolute and relative ethics The concepts of 'absolute' ethics and 'relative' ethics are defined with respect to morality. Theory of absolute ethics indicates that it would not alter with change in time. Therefore, absolute ethics are universal and ever-unchanging. Theory of ethics allows ethical issues to be judged with reference to the respective environment in which the theory is applied. Relative ethics is hence flexible and context specific (Spencer, 2010). According to some experts, in the real world, there is no such existence of the concept of absolute ethics (Francis and Mishra, 2009). Ethics reveal the characteristics of an individual and therefore the ethical considerations of a firm reflect the characteristics of the firm, which is actually a collection of several individuals. Since ethical inquiry seeks justification of the actions of the firm’s actions, and because every action has an outcome that are often found to be varied in varied environments, business ethics is relative in nature (Agalgatti and Krishna, 2007). It is important