What Does It Mean For A University Essay - 1311 Words

What does it mean for a University to be socially responsible ? With reference to the literature and using examples from the UK, and beyond, discuss how a University might demonstrate its commitment to social responsibility to its stakeholders. Over a long period time, the thought of social responsibility has been seen to grow and foster in its importance and significance. Mainly this is why it has been adopted and practiced across the United Kingdom and beyond by universities and business. Social responsibility is a concept that is defined, as the means a firm or business acts ethical and socially aware of their impact to society. Overall, this essay will consist of the dimensions of social responsibility, also how universities input this in their workings and how it affects stakeholders of the university and beyond and reasons why universities should be socially responsible. Social responsibility in relation to universities is a different approach whereby the actions of the university affects the stakeholders who are teachers, non-clerical staff and students in the institution. Universities being socially responsible include a wide range of aspects, which need to be covered which are; cooperative learning, multicultural education, community service, involvement in social and political issues and environmental sustainability. These aspects are going to be elaborated to show universities depth into the concept of social responsibility. Firstly, with reference toShow MoreRelated Education has Lost Touch with its Origin and its Meaning Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pagesthe process of education. Does this sound like the educational system that is in place today in the United States? Odds are that it does not. What does being educated mean anyway? What is an undergraduate university education? These questions have been debated for centuries, and they are still relevant today. Many people feel that being educated is going to college and making good grades so that a diploma, the mark of an educated person, can be received. Does that diploma really signifyRead MoreThe Marketing Campaign For Coca Cola1174 Words   |  5 Pagespublishing media also it is though the two categories to promotion their product. The company said more than 353,000 virtual bottles have been shared on the Share a Coke campaign’s website( Tadena, 2014). The purpose of the campaign is â€Å"Share†, it means share the photo can l et customers promotion company and product. The criteria is grow sales and add value. Though the social media users it can had free promotion of company thus grow the sales. However, the campaign can let the customers makeRead MoreMeaning Of Life : Susan Wolf s Article, Happiness And Meaning : Two Aspects Of The Good Life Essay987 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the meaning of life? What gives life meaning? Philosophers have asked these questions for decades, and there still is not a solid answer to the question. This paper will analyze one modern philosopher’s take on the question: What gives life meaning? Susan Wolf is a modern moral philosopher and philosopher of action and mind. She attended two Ivy League institutions for her undergraduate and graduate careers. Wolf received a Bachelor’s of Arts in Philosophy and Math from Yale University, andRead MoreA Traditional Catholic Mass Change Based Upon The Place Mass Occurs1390 Words   |  6 Pages The purpose of this paper is to examine how the ideas and image s of a traditional Catholic Mass change based upon the place Mass occurs, I am looking specifically at the service at the Interfaith Center located on the University of California Irvine (UCI) campus. The University Catholic Community (UCC) at UC Irvine is a campus organization that provides church services to the Catholic community. 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Once these children enter academic institutions, they learn that stealing does not just mean taking material objects, such as your friends Go-Gurt, or candy from the corner store, it also applies to idea and thoughts. In other words, intellectual property. Crimes involving intellectual property include, plagiarism, cheating on an exam, andRead MoreEthics And Intellectual Property Of Intellectual Properties1217 Words   |  5 Pagesownership of such properties bring financial benefits, and or settlements, regulations will continue to challenge what is right or wrong when dealing with intellectual property. This is accurate for many industries, field, and markets. The owner ship of intellectual properties can take a creation or idea worldwide, the profits from such invention can be endless. This concept is what will push a persons or organizational ethical principles to its limits. With that in mind, such characters will doRead MoreChristian Universities Vs Christian Education1602 Words   |  7 Pages Christian colleges and universities offer drastically different educational, social, and spiritual benefits compared to public colleges and universities, and I believe the differences are in favour of Christian higher education. A primary impact being that Christianity can be taught without backlash, as well as the lack of atheistic and other non-Christian beliefs to interfere and challenge the Christian beliefs already instilled in Christian students. 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Or is it for us to receive a more vast and worldly education with which we can find both our passion and infinite opportunities? The first option can be found at any large career-oriented university. The second

Evolution of Patriarchy and Matriarchy in Ancient...

The Evolution of Matriarchy to Patriarchy Patriarchy is defined as â€Å"a system in which men largely control women and children and also shape ideas about appropriate gender behavior.† Throughout history, climate change brought on changes throughout all developing civilizations and societies, most importantly in agriculture. The development of agriculture led to the formation of complex societies, the idea of surplus, population growth, and new technologies. As these effects of agriculture became more prominent in growing societies, women were unable to participate in some of the economic and agricultural activities due to their biological purpose – reproduction. The new working environments were unsuitable for children, which caused women†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"All of these societies gave women considerable influence within a matrilineal culture, even if men usually had the decision making power.† During these societies, it can be said that the â€Å"Golden Age of Matriarchy†4 occ urred during this period of time where simple farming and hunting and gathering was a major role. All of the societies that engaged in simple farming and hunting and gathering had more powerful and authoritative roles in society because they were not fully focused on reproduction. Instead, these societies wanted to limit their population due to inefficient amounts of resources. As climate change took over in Mesopotamia such as extreme flooding of the Nile River in Egypt and the growing problem of desertification, societies could no longer rely on hunting and gathering. These methods were no longer producing the amount of food needed to support the steadily growing civilizations. Farming techniques were introduced which caused societies to develop new and complex ways for food production such as irrigation, horticulture, and shifting cultivation. â€Å"Food production and urbanization led to the formation of states: formal political organization.† The change from simple farm ing to complex farming made it harder for women to participate because of reproduction. Since the society was growing so rapidly, there came a need for more people in the society with all of the jobs created. The role of women became primarily focused on reproduction, which created aShow MoreRelated Women in Ancient Times: from Matriarchy to Patriarchy Essay2508 Words   |  11 Pages Women in Ancient Times: from Matriarchy to Patriarchy In addition to age, gender is one of the universal dimensions on which status differences are based. Unlike sex, which is a biological concept, gender is a social construct specifying the socially and culturally prescribed roles that men and women are to follow. Women have always had lower status than men, but the extent of the gap between the sexes varies across cultures and time. Images of women, mostly figurines of the same type as the quot;Venusquot;Read MoreWomen in Ancient Times: from Matriarchy to Patriarchy2592 Words   |  11 Pagesconsiderably more important, if not dominant, role in Paleolithic society; that possibly a matriarchy existed and women ruled. That means men havent always been the leaders; its not an inborn quality (as a lot of them suggest)! br brJohann Bachofen was a 19th Century Swiss archaeologist and classicist who was among the first to recognize the presence of an early matriarchal stage in proto-European cultural evolution. Bachofen used Greek myth to support his arguments. He felt that there were three culturalRead MoreGender Inequality and Patriarchy Essay1777 Words   |  8 Pages Gender inequality has been an issue since long before the 1840s, when feminists finally brought the problem to light. Most ancient cultures were societies based on gender inequality, skewed towards male-dominance. Most societies are still mostly patriarchal, in fact. Patriarchy is the root of discrimination between sexes and genders and has been for a very long time. The words ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ are commonly confused with each other in regular, everyday conversations when the two have veryRead MoreJudy Chicago Dinner Party Essay6539 Words   |  27 Pagesstudios make up the informative core of this documentary film. In an unpublished manuscript entitled The Revelations of the Goddess, Chicago creates a mythic context for The Dinner Party. The book begins with the creation of the world and the early Matriarchy, and then describes the establishment of Patriarchal society. The Great Goddess prophesies that one day the wisdom of women will be needed again: Until that day, in each generation, some of your daughters and their daughters must be my Disciples

Gender Inequality Theories of Patriarchy Essay Example For Students

Gender Inequality Theories of Patriarchy Essay Assess the claim that gender inequalities in the domestic and occupational divisions of labour are best understood with reference to the concept of patriarchy. You should illustrate your answer with reference to a range of feminist perspectives.IntroductionWestern female thought through the centuries has identified the relationship between patriarchy and gender as crucial to the womens subordinate position. For two hundred years, patriarchy precluded women from having a legal or political identity and the legislation and attitudes supporting this provided the model for slavery. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries suffrage campaigners succeeded in securing some legal and political rights for women in the UK. By the middle of the 20th century, the emphasis had shifted from suffrage to social and economic equality in the public and private sphere and the womens movement that sprung up during the 1960s began to argue that women were oppressed by patriarchal structures. Equal status for women of all races, classes, sexualities and abilities in the 21st century these feminist claims for equality are generally accepted as reasonable principles in western society; yet the contradiction between this principle of equality and the demonstrable inequalities between the sexes that still exist exposes the continuing dominance of male privilege and values throughout society (patriarchy). This essay seeks to move beyond the irrepressible evidence for gender inequality and the division of labour. Rather, it poses the question of gender inequality as it manifests itself as an effect of patriarchy drawing from a theoretical body of work which has been developed so recently that it would have been impossible to write this essay thirty years ago. Feminist Theory and PatriarchyAlthough K patriarchy is arguably the oldest example of a forced or exploitative division of social activities and clearly existed before it was ever examined by sociologists, the features of patriarchy had been accepted as natural (biological) in substance. It was not until feminists in the 1960s began to explore the features and institutions of patriarchy, that the power of the concept to explain womens subordinate position in society was proven (Seidman, 1994) . The feminist engagement with theories of patriarchy criticised pre-existing theoretical positions and their ideological use, tracing theoretical progenitors of popular views about gender, gender roles etc (Cooper, 1995; Raymond, 1980). Developing theories to explain how gender inequalities have their roots in ideologies of gender difference and a hierarchical gender order, feminist theoretical concepts of patriarchy are able to explain and challenge gender inequality and the gendered division of labour in the private and social spheres (Seidman, 1994). They have done this by challenging concepts of gender, the family and the unequal division of labour underpinned by a theory of patriarchy that has come to reveal how it operates to subordinate women and privilege men, often at womens expense. Patriarchy, Structure and Gender InequalityWalby (1990) reveals how patriarchy operates to achieve and maintain the gender inequalities essential for the subordination of women. Crucially for this essay, she shows how it can operate differently in the private and public domain but toward the same end. She identifies patriarchy as having diverse forms of and relationships between its structures in the public and private spheres, and yet still operates in a related fashion. Walbys explanation sees the household and household production as being a key site of womens subordination but acknowledges that the domestic area is not the only one that women participate in. She shows how the concept of patriarchy is useful in explaining the relationship between womens subordination in the private and public arenas by showing that they work equally to achieve this subordination as well as supporting, reflecting and maintaining patriarchy itself. Firstly, Walby points out that the structures of patriarchy differ in their form. The household has a different structure to other institutional forms, e.g., the workplace. This is an important point because if feminist theories of patriarchy are to stand they must show that patriarchy operates to the same end in both the private and public sphere, even if it uses different strategies, otherwise it could not be the main reason for the continuing inequality of women in both the private and public sphere. Walby shows that within the private structure and the public structures, patriarchy does use different strategies to maintain gender inequality and these strategies both achieve the subordination of women. The household strategy is considered to be exclusionary and the public structures strategy as segregationist. The exclusionary strategy in the private arena is based on household production. Application of this strategy in the domestic sphere depends on individual patriarchs controlling women in the private world of the home. The male patriarch in the household is both the oppressor and recipient of womens subordination. This strategy is direct V women are oppressed on a personal and individual basis by the individual patriarchs who share their lives. The segregationist strategy used in the public patriarchy actively excludes women from the public arena using various structures to subordinate them. Application depends on controlling access to public arenas (Golombok and Fivush, 1995). This strategy does not benefit the institution directly, but it does ensure that individual patriarchs are privileged at the expense of women, and it maintains gender differences. The way in which individual patriarchs and public institutions use there power further reveals how related the structures of patriarchy are. Public institutions do not have the power to oppress individual women or exclude them directly from public structures; this work is carried out in the home. Power in institutions is used collectively rather than individually, and the segregationist strategy pursued in the public arena maintains the exclusionary strategy used in private that in turn supports the segregationist strategy used in public. Yet, the institution can only pursue its segregationist strategy because the individual patriarch subordinates the individual women daily. Walbys description of patriarchal structure looks powerful where there are fewer variables V e.g., when women and men seem to share the privilege of being exploited equally as a labour force working equal hours for equal pay in equal conditions (Haug, 1998). Haug (1998) cites research from East Germany which allows her to calculate that women do 4 hours and 41 minutes of domestic labour against mens 2 hours 38 minutes. Men split their extra two hours between leisure time and paid employment. She asks if it is a realistic possibility that patriarchy could be so completely and comprehensively asserted in as little as two hours a day. Japanese aesthetics, wabi-sabi Essay This is an important point because if feminist theories of patriarchy are to stand they must show that patriarchy operates to the same end in both the private and public sphere, even if it uses different strategies, otherwise it could not be the main reason for the continuing inequality of women in both the private and public sphere. Walby shows that within the private structure and the public .

My Story My College Application Essay free essay sample

My story can be interpreted as a sign of weakness or a sign of strength, but I strive to inspire others and improve the world in any way I can, so I dont mind opening up to share it. What I have gone through has made me who I am today. Ever since I can remember, Ive felt like I live in a negative, critical, depressive environment, like Im never good enough, and cant ever do anything right. My mother and I havent ever gotten along very well, and my little sister was the focus of attention. After my parents divorced, I felt like I was left out, living with my mom and sister and their tight bond. Because of feeling like Im good enough, being left out and ignored, being criticized about almost everything, and feeling brought down by everyone around me, I was always a perfectionist and high stressed person. We will write a custom essay sample on My Story: My College Application Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Skip ahead to 8th grade, where I found a new passion: cheerleading. Joining the team had positive and negative effects. I was involved in something non-academic, but I still never felt good enough. I was a little bit chubby, as kids seem to be before they hit their major growth spurt, but I felt like that was part of my problem. I started dieting, healthfully at first, but after reaching a healthy goal weight at the end of 9th grade, I started taking my weight way too seriously. Whenever I felt criticized, not good enough, or had feelings I didnt want to feel, I would restrict what I eat and exercise to the point of pain. But even as the number on the scale scale kept going lower and lower. I needed help, but I felt too trapped. My anorexia went on for over a year before anyone around me caught on and dragged me in for serious help. Even with professional help, I still continued my destructive behaviors for several months. My turning point of finally deciding to help myself occurred just over a year ago. I had a weigh-in before my 10th grade academic award ceremony. I didnt make it to the ceremony, because I was stuck in Albany Medical Center. That day was the scariest day of my life, but without it, I may not be alive today. Deciding to get better was still an uphill battle. In a year, I experienced all of my shoved-down emotions, learned some positive coping skills after using some not-so-great ones, unwillingly gained quite a bit of weight, and became very aware of how much I didnt like my home and life situation. But the biggest surprise for me was: It got better. I became stronger, and distanced myself from those who werent good for me. I found new role models, positive people who I didnt know existed. I started looking forward to the freedom of my life, the one thing that I had full control over. Now, my story may give you the impression that Shes just a crazy, unstable girl who deals with family problems like everyone does. Shes going to have stress problems come back in college. I can assure you, Im miles away from where I was in my eating disorder. That time in my life was terrible, and I know that I CANNOT ever let myself go back. And I wont. Ive accumulated so much strength, freedom, hope, and happiness that I would never want to go back. I know Im not perfect, but who is? I try my best, and every day, Im still getting better. I get stronger. I gain hope. I pursue my passions. I inspire others and become inspired. I go on adventures and try new things. I learn. I smile. I move forward. I live.

Final Paper Juvenile Justice Essays

Final Paper Juvenile Justice Essays Final Paper Juvenile Justice Essay Final Paper Juvenile Justice Essay Final Paper Juvenile Justice BY SGreene93 Stephen Greene 12/03/2013 qc-113-001 Final Paper There are currently two programs specifically in Henderson County which I am writing this paper about. One of the programs is the local Boys and Girls Club of Henderson County and the D. A. R. E. Program of Henderson County. I decided to write about local programs because it would give me the opportunity to learn more about juvenile delinquency prevention programs within my own community. Both programs are a huge staple within Henderson County and are two of the most important uvenile delinquency prevention programs within Henderson County. First I will report about the local Boys and Girls Club within Henderson County. On November 1st 1993 The Boys Girls Club of Henderson Co. opened its doors to 150 youth in the Green Meadows Community Center. (This 2000-sq. -ft. room now houses the Clubs game-room and a kitchen. ) (3). In 1995 The Club obtained two adjacent houses†one eventually renovated into a teen center (1250 sq. t. ), and one renovated into a classroom facility and counseling center (1200 sq. ft. ) (3). In February 1996 The Club pened a 12,000-square-foot addition of classrooms, lobby, office space and a large gymnasium to serve the expanding membership (3). Between the years of 1998 and 1999 The Club operated a satellite unit in an old school annex building in East Flat Rock, expanding the Clubs reach into other parts of Henderson County (3). On January 1st, 2000 The Club opened its doors to a 3,000-square-foot Center for the Arts. : Divided into a visual arts space and a performing arts space, the building also houses the largest kitchen on campus. This expansion of the main campus allowed he organization to merge the East Flat Rock unit into the Green Meadows facility. Annual membership surged to more than 500, with a uniquely balanced distribution of African-American, Hispanic/Latino, Caucasian and Native American youth (3). Currently in the Henderson County branch of the Boys and Girls Club attendance is well over 1000 children, which is simply amazing. The mission of the Boys and Girls club is simple, to enable all young people, especially those who need us most, to reach their full potential as productive, caring, responsible citizens (1). The second rogram I am going to talk about is the Henderson County D. A. R. E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program. The D. A. R. E. program started in 1983 in Los Angeles, California as a partnership between parents, schools and law enforcement to educate children on the consequences of drug abuse and teaching good decision making skills to enable them to live productive drug and violence-free lives (2). The Henderson County branch started in 1985 in several schools in Henderson County as a pilot program for North Carolina and was implemented in 1987 in all the elementary schools locally (2). DARE has continued in the classroom since that time with well-trained, dedicated officers making a difference in childrens lives. The DARE Curriculum is focused at the 5th grade level, but has lessons available for all grades. There is also a D. A. R. E. amp in Henderson County, which is a summer program that children can attend that goes into even more detail than Just the course they are required to take in school. It is an amazing opportunity for the children as well as their mentors. DARE Camp has grown from a day camp with 35 campers to an overnight camp with approximately 220 campers each year (2). Activities include: archery, swimming, first aide, zip line, the blob, fishing, canoeing, crafts, team challenges, singing, devotions, skit night, campfire, DARE Dance, self-defense, kayaking, K -9 demonstration, speakers, lots of good food and fun (2). Campers learn to do new things, build friendships and more than anything learn that you can have an extraordinary amount of fun without drugs. Overall I feel like both of the local juvenile delinquency prevention programs within Henderson County are successful. With the Henderson County Boys and Girls Club I feel the way they attract the hildren into the program and once the children are accepted into the program they have peers around them that share a lot of similar traits and make the child feel comfortable. It is a great prevention method by putting trouble children with friends who will support them and mentors that will teach them how to live and have a successful life. The Boys and Girls Club of Henderson County will ultimately be successful in the long run. My definition of ultimately successful is helping any amount of children become more successful in life and divert them from making the rong choices, which is exactly what the Boys and Girls Club is accomplishing with their programs all around the world including Henderson County. The local D. A. R. E. program in Henderson County is another great program offered by Henderson County. I agree with making the D. A. R. E. program mandatory in elementary schools, if you target the children at a young age it accomplishes more before they get into drugs. The D. A. R. E program is not only in North Carolina, when I was in 5th grade I went through it in Florida where I went to elementary school, I now it affected me in a positive way by making drugs bad and promoting other things like friends and finding other hobbies that you can enjoy. Just like the Boys and Girls Club of Henderson County I feel that the D. A. R. E. program within Henderson County will be ultimately successful. I say this for the same exact reason as the last one, helping any amount of children become more successful in life and divert them from making the wrong choices is what is ultimately successful in my book. References: (1). N. p.. web. 1 Dec 2013.. (2). N. p.. web. 1 Dec 2013.. (3). N. p.. web. 1 Dec 2013..

The Use of Listing in Composition

The Use of Listing in Composition In composition, listing is a discovery (or prewriting) strategy in which the writer develops a list of words and phrases, images and ideas. The list may be ordered or unordered. Listing can help overcome writers block and lead to the discovery, focusing, and development of a topic. In developing a list, observes Ronald T. Kellogg, [s]pecific relations to previous or subsequent ideas may or may not be noted. The order in which the ideas are placed in the list can reflect, sometimes after several attempts to build the list, the order needed for the text (The Psychology of Writing, 1994). How to Use Listing Listing is probably the simplest prewriting strategy and is usually the first method writers use to generate ideas. Listing means exactly what the name implies- listing your ideas and experiences. First set a time limit for this activity; 5-10 minutes is more than enough. Then write down as many ideas as you can without stopping to analyze any of them. . . . After you have generated your list of topics, review the list and pick one item that you might like to write about. Now youre ready for the next listing; this time, create a topic-specific list in which you write down as many ideas as you can about the one topic you have selected. This list will help you look for a focus for your...paragraph. Dont stop to analyze any of the ideas. Your goal is to free your mind, so dont worry if you feel youre rambling.(Luis Nazario, Deborah Borchers, and William Lewis, Bridges to Better Writing. Wadsworth, 2010) Example Like brainstorming, listing involves the unmonitored generation of words, phrases, and ideas. Listing offers another way of producing concepts and sources for further thought, exploration, and speculation. Listing is distinct from freewriting and brainstorming in that students generate only words and phrases, which can be classified and organized, if only in a sketchy way. Consider the case of a postsecondary academic ESL writing course in which students are first asked to develop a topic related to modern college life and then to compose a letter or editorial piece on the subject. One of the broad topics that emerged in freewriting and brainstorming sessions was The Benefits and Challenges of Being a College Student. This simple stimulus generated the following list: Benefitsindependenceliving away from homefreedom to come and golearning responsibilitynew friendsChallengesfinancial and social responsibilitiespaying billsmanaging timemaking new friendspracticing good study habits The items in this preliminary list overlap considerably. Nonetheless, such a list can offer students concrete ideas for narrowing a broad topic to a manageable scope and for selecting a meaningful direction for their writing. (Dana Ferris and John Hedgcock, Teaching ESL Composition: Purpose, Process, and Practice, 2nd ed.Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005) An Observation Chart A type of list that seems especially appropriate for poetry writing instruction is the observation chart, in which the writer makes five columns (one for each of the five senses) and lists all the sensory images associated with the topic. Composition instructor Ed Reynolds [in Confidence in Writing, 1991] writes: Its columns force you to pay attention to all of your senses, so it can help you do a more thorough, specific observation. We are accustomed to relying on our sight, but smells, tastes, sounds, and touch can sometimes give us more important information about a subject. (Tom C. Hunley, Teaching Poetry Writing: A Five-Canon Approach. Multilingual Matters, 2007) Pre-Writing Strategies ExpeditioList, Listicle, and SeriesOutline

Multinational Corporation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multinational Corporation - Assignment Example This refers to an assumption that the structure of a market would influence the conduct/ behavior of a firm. The manner in which an organization conducts itself in a given market will thereafter affect its performance. For example; in market where there is less competition, organizations have few obstacles. This gives them an opportunity to have various options in which they can behave in a market, and an example is increasing the prices of their products. Entry through green field methodology promotes competition between the companies in the market. This increases the quality of the products offered, and lowers their price. This is because a new company enters into the market, and it comes with its own strategies of penetrating the target market (United Nations Conferance on Trade and Development, 147). Entry into a host market through mergers has an effect of limiting completion, and this leads to an increase to the prices of goods the organization offers. This is because a multinational company collaborates with an existing company that offers similar products. This collaboration reduces competition since the organizations are not in conflicting of taking each other’s customers, but on retaining these customers. The control of the market by the host country can take the form of price controls, or requirements that before an entry to a given market, the company under consideration must incorporate local people as part of its ownership or senior management. A multinational cooperation can enter into a host market either through mergers, or green field entry. Green field entry has an effect of increasing competition. This is because there is an increase of the number of firms operating in a given market. Mergers on the other hand limit competition, because of the reduction of the number of firms operating in a given market. The entry of Mars into the UK ice cream market leads to decline of producers and sellers of ice

Employee Relations and Employee Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Relations and Employee Law - Essay Example The latter was largely unpopular with employers and some employees but provided a lot of billing time to the legal fraternity due to its intricate and indefinite procedures that were wrought with problematic clauses. An Associate at Mogers Associates, Tim Gofton observed that, ‘The complexity of the SDRP and the wide interpretations given by Tribunals to important areas of the SDRP (such as supposedly straightforward issues such as what constitutes a ‘grievance’) pushed employees towards seeking legal advice. This in itself pushed parties further away from resolution’ (Gofton, 2009 p.2). For the second time in five years, dispute resolution between employers and employees will be radically overhauled through an introduction of a process that has less stringent measures to the defaulting persons or entities when compared to the earlier process. While a majority of the players have welcomed the new forum for resolution of grievances, others have questioned the ambiguities encompassed in the new code which might lead to further escalation of grievance claims like in the earlier process (an increase by 40 - 65 percent within the last two years). Tynan (2009), however asserts that ‘the code is certainly less prescriptive than the old statutory dispute resolution procedures (SDRPs) that promoted fixation on procedural compliance rather than working actively to resolve the dispute.’(Tynan, 2009, p. 1). The formation of the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) in 1975 was preceded by a period of great turmoil in the relationships between employers and their staff. Large-scale industrial unrest in the late 1970s and 1980s was widespread due to lack of an agreeable dispute or grievance resolutions mechanism between the employers and employees. The government as a result formed ACAS through the Employment Protection Act to act as the arbitrator in the many highly volatile national strikes that were paralysing the nation hence sabotaging

The Benefits of Using a Curriculum Within the Outdoor Environment Essay Example for Free

The Benefits of Using a Curriculum Within the Outdoor Environment Essay If education is a voyage of discovery, why not explore the opportunities to take learning outside? Chiara Pannozzo The Early Years are a time of unrivalled personal discovery, in which each day holds the potential for adventure for a child – and nowhere offers greater potential for adventure than the great outdoors. The benefits of outdoor play are really very basic, says Harry Harbottle, a consultant in play and risk management, who was formerly appointed by the EU as a child safety expert to the European Standards Organisation. If children arent allowed to engage with the elements – mud, water, air, even fire – how can they begin to understand the world that they live in? Harry argues that there is a need to move away from a culture of reluctance to let children explore outdoors. We are at last realising the consequences of children spending most of their time indoors, says Harry. There are too many children who have been adversely affected by a lack of exercise and stimulation. The outdoor environment is a rich, dynamic and natural space to enhance the school curriculum and stimulates quality learning and development in children of all ages. Its value as an essential learning resource has been recognized by many pieces of research and more recently with the ‘Eraly Uears Foundation Stage (EYFS), particularly within the principle of ‘ Enabling Environments’. Outdoor activities, whether they be core National Curriculum core subject or foundation based, can always be adapted, if necessary, for children with additional learning needs/physical disabilities by the teacher doing a reckie of the area outside which is to be used and then assessing how circumstances can be adapted for pupils with such difficulties. Also, a buddy can be placed with a child who has additional needs and assistance given when necessary. It is imperative that restrictions are only placed for health and safety reasons; otherwise, one should always endeavour to give children ownership to encourage a sense of independence and success. To give an example of how an activity could be adapted for children with additional learning needs/physical disability: Making hot chocolate drinks in Kelly Kettle †¢Children collect kindling in areas accessible to them †¢Children stay at base position to help build the waffle raft for fire †¢Children organize kindling into different sizes When the curriculum is taken into the outdoor environment, children have been observed having confidence and independence with activities they have pursued, providing them with a sense of success and raised self esteem. Children will develop relationships (PSHE) with their peers and adults. As confidence grows, children will begin to consider the needs of others (disabled/additional learning needs), as well as individually. Practitioners in the woodland have reflected that children in this environment had gained confidence in adapting to new situations and in trying new experiences. This also impacted on their ability to choose activities independently and their confidence in self initiating tasks was seen to develop dramatically. To give an example of an obvious benefit of bringing the curriculum into the outdoor environment: Child X enjoyed making shelters and would often enlist the aid of one his/her peers by sayon, â€Å"Oh – this log is heavy, can you help me ? † The other children present would the all work as a team by holding onto the large log and assist moving it into position. Child X had acquired more skill in making and strengthening friendships , the art of consideration and compromise – â€Å"Can I help you? instead of â€Å"That’s mine! †. Though these changes may be maturational, children’s experiences gave them real opportunities for practising these elementary life skills. ‘ Through their comments (the significant other), practitioners should see their role as very varied and should include: ensuring the environment is safe, allowing the children choice of equipment such as, ropes, trowels and buckets, observing and valuing their self initiated learning. Practitioners should feel by questioning, suggesting and providing propts/props, they can extend children’s self-initiated development. Dowling describes self-initiated play as spontaneous, where the practitioner can choose to be involved by participating alongside and offering a reassuring presence. Such an important aspect needs to be adopted by all adults who work with children involved in bringing the curriculum into the outdoor environment, if this is to be a successful element for children’s potential learning. â€Å"The adult needs to be aware of the potential for learning in children’s play, but this is a very different matter from predetermining the play. ’ – Dowling (1992)

Is Marcus Brutus An Honorable Man? :: Julius Caesar Essays

In deciding whether or not a person is good, all of their characteristics must be looked at. That person might look good on the outside, but if their heart is exposed they may not look as perfect as thought. In Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, Brutus is a perfect example of this idea. He is sympathetic, kind, and generous, but when his motives are questioned, he does not look so sensitive. Brutus is not an honorable man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brutus was a very selfish and self-centered person. He continually ignored Cassius’ and the conspirators’ ideas. He was the leader and everyone was supposed to go along with them. Not to mention that all of his decisions went against Cassius and they were all the wrong moves. Brutus refused to admit that he was wrong or listen to other people. He had a big ego and was obviously used to being in charge. When Cassius thought it was a bad idea to leave Sardis and go to Phillipi to fight Antony, Brutus did exactly the opposite. His idea of friendship should be questioned because he constantly disagreed with Cassius, his best friend, and that is not what friendship is all about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brutus did not value the people around him. Along with ignoring his friends, he killed his closest friend of all time. For most normal people, killing their best friend would not even be an issue, no matter what they thought was best for their country. If they thought something bad could be happening, they would talk to that friend and tell them what they think and how it should be resolved. No real friend would jump to conclusions and make such a drastic decision as killing that person. Brutus also did not value his wife, Portia. He was never home for her and, eventually, part of her suicide was linked to this. To drive her to suicide was a very selfish act on Brutus’ part. He should have been there for his wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brutus did not think about his actions before they were done. He didn’t think about what would happen to the Roman empire if Caesar were killed. By assinating Caesar he started a civil war. He ruined an entire empire by his quick and stupid descions. Many, many people died that did not need to. How can a person be considered honorable when they were responsible for so many lost lives and the loss of an empire? Brutus was not a very good military leader. His action when his army first arrived in

Elderly Client Project

Elderly Client Project Winston Salem State University Nursing 3303 October 17, 2012 Elderly Client Project Mrs. F. Nowell is a ninety-four year old mother, grandmother and great grandmother living in a skilled nursing facility. She has several co-morbidities which are managed medically and chemically within a detailed nursing care plan. She is diagnosed with type II diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, pedal neuropathy, and arthritis.Within this paper we will explore her age related changes, concept of health and wellness, one chronic disease, diabetes, along with the care and health maintenance associated with this chronic illness, compare and contrast medical/nursing care with current research, health promotion, safety and any special concerns, current resources used and community resources not used, and the clients perspective of her own quality of life. Age Related ChangesWe begin with age related changes which everyone can see externally, however it’s in part, the individual’s concept of these changes that occur over the life span that help define the person’s health. American’s are living longer and Mrs. Nowell is a prime example of this fact at age ninety-four along with her sister-in-law in the same nursing facility at age one hundred and four. Americans over the age of 65 now comprise almost 13 percent of the United States’ population. Mrs. Nowell notes a definite change in her physical body and abilities.However, though now faced with physical mobility limitations, she admits a life satisfaction and is living a happy and productive life. Common age-related changes she’s experiencing are visual acuity or presbyopia for which she wears glasses to assist in ready, very slight hearing impairment or presbycusis, along with hypertension, coronary artery disease and arthritis. Though Mrs. Nowell does have diabetes, she doesn’t associate this chronic disease with normal aging. She stated â€Å"Iâ⠂¬â„¢ve been a diabetic as long as I can remember. Obvious integumentary changes are seen, yet no deep, well defined wrinkles, having not been a smoker, and wore hats to protect her face from sun exposure. Mrs. Nowell does appear to have a slight bit of memory loss because when asked how old her husband was when he died she was unable to recall. However, when asked about her childhood and where she grew up, she recounted very vivid memories. This is typical of the aging adult. The speed with which information is processed, stored, and received is decreased; older memories tend to be intact with new memories being recalled less frequently.What is important to remember about the aging population is while they are experiencing moderate physical limitations, they learn to live with them and lead happy and productive lives, as is Mrs. Nowell. Concept of Health and Wellness Mrs. Nowell’s concept of health and wellness is definitely one of her own perspective. She equates herself to being healthy for a ninety-four year old lady. At ninety-four Mrs. Nowell is mentally healthy with little to no signs of dementia. And because she â€Å"has her mind,† she does not see her physical limitations as making her unhealthy.She envisions wellness and her state of well-being as optimal because with the use of her motorized wheelchair she can come and go as she pleases within the confines of the skilled nursing facility in which she lives, as well as, out in the community. She feels she’s definitely one of the healthiest ninety-four year olds she knows because each day she dresses well, though with assistance, puts on her lipstick and matching jewelry. She states when she looks good, she feels good. Chronic Disease and Care to Improve/Maintain Health Though Mrs. Nowell has several co-morbidities, this paper will focus on her type II diabetes.Diabetes Mellitus is associated with many related health factors of which Mrs. Nowell currently precipitates. She does h ave some visual impairment which is linked with aging, as well as diabetes. She also manifests pedal neuropathy of which she admits to taking Neurontin to alleviate the nerve discomfort and tingling. She lives in a skilled nursing facility where her blood sugar is checked before meals and at bedtime. She is treated with Novalog Insulin in the morning and evening which keeps her blood sugars at a normal range between 80 and 100, and below 150. They ncourage healthy meals and eating, though Mrs. Nowell admits to having family bring in snacks to her liking which are not always on the American Diabetic Association (ADA) food options. The nursing facility also goes to great lengths to ensure meticulous foot care is provided to all diabetics. They inspect their feet when assisting in dressing and showering, as well as, have podiatry perform toenail clipping. Mrs. Nowell does not see her diabetes as a disease, but rather a lifestyle and way of living. Compare and Contrast Medical/Nursing C are and Current Research As previously mentioned Mrs.Nowell’s diabetes is treated with insulin and given a diet per recommendations of the ADA. The nurses perform regular blood sugar checks before each meal and at bedtime, following a regimented nursing care plan to keep her blood sugar below 150. However recent guideline updates recommend that primary care physicians do not push the patients to obtain a standard targeted blood sugar level. The facility nurses also provide education on healthy snacks and exercise programs available to their residents. Because obesity is a major concern and noted problem among the diabetic community daily exercise is recommended for the diabetic patient.However given Mrs. Nowell’s physical limitations daily exercise is minimal at best. Researchers are now giving acceptance to bariatric surgery among diabetics faced with morbid obesity, which has shown rapid blood sugar levels and decreased pharmacological intervention needs. However giv en Mrs. Nowell’s advanced age, she is not a bariatric candidate. Current medical care of Mrs. Nowell includes keeping her hemoglobin A1c below 7% per her primary care doctor and nursing supervision. Yet it is evidenced that the aging adult is more vulnerable to hypoglycemia, and combined with Mrs.Nowell’s cardiovascular disease, recommendations are pointing to an A1c below 8%. The Mayo Clinic also has an online tool developed for diabetics which includes low blood-sugar risks, weight changes, blood sugar testing requirements and costs which help the physician and patient weigh the risks and benefits of diabetic medication therapies. Health Promotion, Safety and Special Concerns Mrs. Nowell’s promotional health needs are met through nursing care provided and maintaining an optimal sense of wellness. Mrs. Nowell’s immunizations are up to date including her flu and pneumonia vaccinations.She receives assistance with activities of daily living (ADL’s) to maintain meticulous skin care and foot inspection to reduce risks of diabetic ulcers. Her diet remains well balanced per the ADA guidelines for optimal nutrition, to further reduce risks of pressure ulcers, which would be of concern with her mobility limitations. She also suffers from incontinence, yet admits to receiving quick response to toileting needs and perineal care. The floors are kept clutter free with no rugs or sliding floormats. The bathrooms are equipped with handrails and emergency call bell pull cords.Showers are large and can be accessed with a wheelchair and have showering chairs for those with mobility limitations such as Mrs. Nowell. Daily use items such as her toothbrush, hairbrush and makeup are kept within easy reach to decrease risk for falls. Mrs. Nowell voiced no special concerns or needs that weren’t being met to her expectations. Current Resources Used and Community Resources Not Used Mrs. Nowells uses the assistance of the occupational therapist that works with the clients of her nursing facility to maintain optimal health and wellness.She has been trained to use a reaching device or â€Å"reacher† which clasps items out of safe reaching range or items she may have dropped and desires to retrieve reducing her risk of falls. Mrs. Nowell takes great pleasure in participating in the community offerings that come to the nursing facility for senior involvement opportunities, such as church groups, entertainment companies, and many local businesses, including restaurants that offer samplings of new menu items. She has participated in numerous provided educational classes and socialization activities for the residents.She also uses the facilities transportation system for group outings and community access. Mrs. Nowell stated they do have a hair dresser that provides services twice a week, however she prefers her daughter, who visits daily, to assist her with her hair care needs. She further does not use their common dinin g area choosing to have her meals in her room or with family when they visit. Yet does frequent the common area for bingo and karaoke for socialization and enjoyed participation. Quality of Life, the Client Perspective Mrs. Nowell considers her quality of life optimal. She finds herself healthy.As with Maslow’s Hierarchy, having her basic needs met, Mrs. Nowell presents with a high self-esteem and self-actualization. She is living a healthy and productive life, exhibiting an exuberant personality. She is still a good mother, grandmother and great grandmother able to enjoy family and friends, while appreciating her life and memories. Conclusion In summary Mrs. Nowell is a wonderful example of an aging population that is well adjusted and reached the highest plateau of hierarchy. As a nurse caring for the elderly, we must be better prepared to assist the aging population to this optimal level of health and wellness.We can achieve this through continued research and provision of age appropriate care. Living happy and productive lives within the elderly population, and given their limitations, be it physical or mental, should be the goal of all nursing. References Anderson, B. , de Chesnay, M. (2012). Caring for the vulnerable: perspectives in nursing theory, practice, and research. (3rd ed. ). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Jett, K. , Touhy, T. (2010). Gerontological nursing & healthy aging. (3rd ed. ). Saint Louis, MS: Mosby Elsevier. Khardori, R. (2012, October 8). Medscape references.Retrieved October 14, 2012, from Type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment & management: http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/117853-treatment Resources For Seniors, Incorporated, (n. d. ), Retrieved October 6, 2012, from: http://www. resourcesforseniors. com Seniors Health, (n. d. ), Retrieved October 14, 2012, from: http://medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Seniors’+Health Winslow, R. (2012, July 9). The wall street journal. Retrieved October 14, 20 12, from New strategies for treating diabetes: http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052702303292204577517041076204350. html

Assessment and Child Essay

Assessments are very important in determining how to teach our children and where they are in terms of development. There are many types of assessments that can be beneficial in helping determine how to approach the learning style of each child as an individual instead of as a whole group. While each assessment is structurally different, they can produce results which give us insight on where our children are during different stages of their lives. There are both formal and informal assessments that can be used. â€Å"Formal assessments are norm-referenced tests that have standardized, formal procedures for administering, timing and scoring. They have been â€Å"normed† or administered to a representative sample of similar age or grade level students so that final test results can be compared to students of similar characteristics. Test results indicate a person’s relative performance in the group. These standardized tests must be administered as specified in the manual to ensure valid and reliable results†(ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation). There is another type of formal assessment called criterion-referenced test. These type of test measure what the person is able to do and indicate what skills have been mastered. A CRT compares a person’s performance with their past performances. â€Å"In criterion-referenced measurement, the emphasis is on assessing specific and relevant behaviors that have been mastered rather than indicating the relative standing in the group†(ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation). Formal assessments can prove to be beneficial as far as comparing test scores over a period of time and how the child is developing over that same period. While formal assessments are useful they also have flaws in them. Standardized test can make a child feel like pressure and anxiety. In a lot of situations when a child feels like this they will not do their best on any type of assessment. Another problem with these types of tests is that they use the same set of questions for all the children and are not sensitive to the situations that different children endure. Children who live in poor and underdeveloped environments may not be exposed to certain ways of life and may not have the same advantages of acquiring knowledge as the other children they go to school with. This will automatically put them at a disadvantage in school and on test they may take. There is another way to do an assessment that is better suited for the child and does not make them feel so uncomfortable and that is an informal assessment. An informal assessment focuses on play and observation of the child and not a test of sorts. By observing the child in a certain situation you can record how they act and how they respond to different situations and stimuli that are presented to them. You can use check-list and rating scales to record your findings and document them and file them away in a portfolio. Another way to do an informal assessment is by parent interviews. You can find out a lot of valuable information by asking the parents questions about their child. Over the past few years teachers have placed more emphasis informal testing than formal testing. â€Å"Some districts have increased the use of curriculum-based measurements(CBM). Several samples of a student’s performance are collected, using items drawn from the local curriculum, usually in basic skill subjects of reading, math, spelling and written expression. Such brief tests are called â€Å"probes†(ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation). One form of an informal assessment is the Battelle Developmental Inventory. â€Å"The Battelle Developmental Inventory is an assessment for infants and children through age seven. It is a flexible, semi-structured assessment that involves observation of the child, interviews with parents and caregivers, developmental and social history, and interaction with the child using game-like materials, toys, questionnaires, and tasks† (Logsdon). This type of assessment is used to make sure that infants and children are reaching their developmental milestones or showing early signs of learning disabilities or developmental delays. This assessment can also be used through examiner/child and parent/child interaction. Examiners observe the child’s responses and score them based on standardized criteria. The parent caregiver input is also important in the assessment because it is used to gather information about the child’s history and interactions that take place beyond the testing session. When this assessment is used to observe the toddler through preschool development it is mostly done by tasks that involve testing the child with games, toys and tasks. They observe how the child follows directions, interacts with others, and how they perform certain tasks. Parent information is used to assess areas that can’t be observed during the testing session. The performance scores are based on standardized criteria. The Battelle is used to assess five components of development. They are adaptive behavior, personal and social skills, communication including expressive and receptive language, gross and fine motor skills, and finally cognitive skills are included. The results of this assessment can be used to determine if there are delays and how significant they are based on the age group the child is in. Another good assessment tool is play-based assessment. This is simply observing the child in their natural environment. By doing this the observer is able to see interactions between the child and their peers as well as how they speak, the language they use and their motor abilities. It is good to record all this information and keep it in an ongoing portfolio. By keeping a written record of what has been observed and any areas of concern you may suspect, you will have more information to share with the parents and find the proper method of dealing with the problems. I feel there is a major advantage when you use an informal assessment as opposed to a formal one. With formal assessments you can never really tell how smart a child really is. These types of assessments are based on statistics of a large group of children not the children as individuals. Just because children do well on a test does not necessarily make them smarter than others, it simply means they have better test taking skills. There are lots of times that the smartest people do horrible on tests just because they suffer from anxiety and get nervous. You can take the same kids that do poorly on a test and give them an informal assessment where they feel comfortable and you will get different results. Standardized tests are not a reliable means of assessing intelligence based on the fact stated above. These types of tests are often overused in this country and they do not take into account the comfort level or socioeconomic background of the child being tested. These play a more important role in test taking than the test itself. This is the number one reason kids are misdiagnosed for having  learning disabilities and other disorders such as ADHD. I also feel that a good relationship with the parents is essential in determining the educational needs of the child. No one knows their children better than the parents or caregivers. They are the ones who spend the most time with the children and can fill you in on patterns of behavior not seen during a certain test taking session. Parents are the most important resources you can obtain information from when dealing with children. I would strive to keep the parents informed of everything that was going on with their child and how to help them with anything that raised a red flag. The parents should always be informed when an assessment is going to be used. A parent could be upset when their child is going to be tested for a development problem without their consent. If you explain the process and how it can help to determine if the child is developmentally behind it can ease the parent’s mind and make everyone more comfortable. I feel that assessments can be beneficial if they are conducted in the proper manner. Making a child feel more comfortable in their environment is the best way to truly assess them and find out if they are lagging in certain areas of development. It is equally important to always keep the parents involved in all decisions affecting their child and the processes used to assess them. The information used by assessments can help make sure children are developmentally on track, just remember the most important factor is the comfort level of the child. Without assessments a plan of action cannot be implemented or executed if the child is behind in any facet of development. Bibliography Logsdon Ann. Testing for Infant and Toddler Development. About. com Guide. http://learningdisabilities. about. com/od/intelligencetests/p/battelledevelop. htm. Accessed on December 10, 2012. ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation. Assessments for Young Children. 1999. http://www. 1donline. org/article /6040/ Accessed December 10, 2012. Sue C. Wortham (2012). Assessment in Early Childhood Education. 6th ed.

Timeline from 1870 to 1880

Timeline from 1870 to 1880 1870 1870: Thomas Nast, the star political cartoonist of Harpers Weekly, began a campaign of lampoon the corrupt ring that secretly ran New York City. Nasts biting depictions of the Tweed Ring  helped bring down Boss Tweed.February 3, 1870: The 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which gave the right to vote to black males, became law when the required number of states ratified it.June 9, 1870: Charles Dickens, British novelist, died at the age of 58.July 15, 1870: Georgia became the last of the Confederate states to return to  the Union.July 19, 1870: The Franco-Prussian War began. The war was provoked by Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian leader, as part of his plan to unite Germany.October 12, 1870: Robert E. Lee, Confederate general in the Civil War, died at the age of 63 at Lexington, Virginia. 1871 January 1871: Italian troops led by Giuseppe Garibaldi briefly fought against Prussians in France during the Franco-Prussian War.March 26, 1871: The Paris Commune, a temporary government, formed after an uprising during the Franco-Prussian War, was proclaimed in Paris.May 28, 1871: The Paris Commune was suppressed as the French Army took over the city during what becomes known as The Bloody Week.Summer 1871: Photographer William Henry Jackson takes a number of photographs on the Yellowstone Expedition. The scenery he captured was so remarkable that it led to the creation of the National Parks.July 15, 1871: Thomas Tad Lincoln, the son of Abraham Lincoln, died in Chicago at the age of 18. He was buried beside his father in Springfield, Illinois.October 8, 1871: The Great Chicago Fire broke out. It destroyed much of the city of Chicago, and a persistent rumor was that it was caused by Mrs. OLearys cow.October 27, 1871: William M.  Boss Tweed, the leader of the legendary New York poli tical machine Tammany Hall, was arrested on multiple charges of corruption. November 10, 1871: The journalist and adventurer Henry Morton Stanley located David Livingstone in Africa, and said the famous greeting: Dr. Livingstone, I presume. 1872 January 6, 1872: Notorious Wall Street character Jim Fisk was fatally shot in a Manhattan hotel lobby. As he died, his partner Jay Gould and Boss Tweed stood vigil at his bedside. Legendary detective Thomas Byrnes apprehended Fisks assassin.March 1, 1872: Yellowstone National Park was established as the first National Park in the United States.April 2, 1872: Samuel F.B. Morse, American artist, and inventor of the telegraph and Morse Code, died at the age of 80 in New York City.Spring 1872: After supervising work on the Brooklyn Bridge in the caisson under the East River, Washington Roebling came to the surface too quickly and was stricken with the bends. He would be in poor health for years afterward.June 1, 1872: James Gordon Bennett, who in many ways invented the modern newspaper by founding the New York Herald, died in New York City.November 5, 1872: President Ulysses S. Grant wins a second term in the election of 1872, defeating legendary newspaper editor turned candidate Horace Greeley. November 29, 1872: Horace Greeley, who weeks earlier lost the presidential election, died in New York City. 1873 March 4, 1873: Ulysses S. Grant took the oath of office for the second time as he began his second term as President of the United States.April 1, 1873: The steamship Atlantic struck rocks on the coast of Canada, and at least 500 passengers and crew perished in one of the worst maritime disasters of the 19th century.May 4, 1873: David Livingstone, Scottish explorer of Africa, died in Africa of malaria at the age of 60.September 1873: A stock market crashed sets off the Panic of 1873, one of the great financial panics of the 19th century. 1874 January 17, 1874: Chang and Eng Bunker, conjoined twins who became famous as the Siamese Twins, died at the age of 62.March 11, 1874: Charles Sumner, Massachusetts senator who in 1856 had been beaten in the U.S. Capitol in an event leading up to the Civil War, died at the age of 63.March 8, 1874: Millard Fillmore, former president of the United States, died at the age of 74.November 1874: The Greenback Party was established in the United States. Its constituencies were the farmers and workers adversely affected by the Panic of 1873. 1875 April 21, 1875: Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish political leader, was elected to the British House of Commons.May 19, 1875: Mary Todd Lincoln, the widow of Abraham Lincoln, was judged to be insane in a trial instigated by her son, Robert Todd Lincoln.July 31, 1875: Andrew Johnson, who became president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, died at the age of 66. 1876 March 10, 1876: Alexander Graham Bell made the first successful telephone call, saying, Watson, come here, I need you.April 10, 1876: Alexander Turney Stewart, renowned New York City merchant, died.June 25, 1876: General George Armstrong Custer, commander of the 7th Cavalry, is killed, along with more than 200 of his men, at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.July 4, 1876: The United States celebrated its centennial with celebrations in cities and towns across the country.August 2, 1876: Wild Bill Hickok, gunfighter and lawman, was shot and killed while playing cards in Deadwood, Dakota Territory.August 25, 1876: The first crossing of the unfinished Brooklyn Bridge was accomplished by its master mechanic, E.F. Farrington, riding on a wire strung between its towers.November 7, 1876: The United States presidential election of 1876 was disputed and became the most controversial American election until the election of 2000. 1877 January 4, 1877: Cornelius Vanderbilt, known as The Commodore, died in New York City. He was by far the wealthiest person in the United States.Early 1877: An electoral commission was formed to settle the disputed presidential election of 1876 results in the Compromise of 1877. Rutherford B. Hayes was declared the winner of the election, and Reconstruction was effectively brought to an end.March 4, 1877: Rutherford B. Hayes was  inaugurated as president, and comes into office under a cloud of suspicion, being called His Fraudulency.May 1877: Sitting Bull led followers into Canada to escape the U.S. Army, and Crazy Horse surrendered to U.S. troops.June 21, 1877: Leaders of the Molly Maguires, a secret society of coal miners in Pennsylvania, were executed.July 16, 1877: A strike in West Virginia set off the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, which spread nationwide and spurred violent clashes in American cities.September 5, 1877: Crazy Horse was killed at an army base in Kansas. 1878 February 19, 1878: Thomas A. Edison patented the phonograph, which would rank as one of his most important inventions.April 12, 1878: William M.  Boss Tweed, the legendary head of Tammany Hall, died in jail in New York City at the age of 55.Summer 1878: The head of the Statue of Liberty was displayed in a park in Paris during an international exhibition.November 1878: The Second Anglo-Afghan War began when British troops began invading Afghanistan. 1879 April 30, 1879: Sarah J. Hale, a magazine editor who urged President Lincoln to make Thanksgiving an official holiday, died at the age of 90.August 21, 1879: Villagers at Knock, in rural Ireland, saw visions of the Virgin Mary, St. Joseph, and St. John the Evangelist. The village became a place of Catholic pilgrimage afterward.October 1879: In Ireland, following mass meetings held earlier in the year, the Land League  was  formed to organize tenant farmers.

Middle School to High School Transition

Middle School to High School Transition The middle school years are a time of transition for tweens in many ways. There are obvious social, physical, and emotional changes happening with 6th to 8th graders. However, middle school also serves the purpose of preparing students for more challenging academics  and greater personal responsibility in high school. For public school students (and their parents), the expectations in the first year of middle school can be an abrupt and demanding change. Instead of teachers communicating with parents about assignments and due dates, they communicate directly with students and expect them to be responsible for meeting deadlines and completing tasks. There is nothing wrong with that, and it’s part of preparing students for  the middle school to high school transition, but it can be stressful for students and parents alike. Tales abound  of late-night scrambling to complete a forgotten project that makes up a high percentage of a student’s grade. As homeschooling parents, we don’t have to institute such abrupt changes, but it is wise to use the middle school years to prepare our students for high school.   1. Transition from Guided Learning to Independent Learning One of the biggest transitions during middle school is preparing students to assume responsibility for their own educations. It’s during this time that parents should adjust their role from teacher to facilitator and allow homeschooled tweens and teens to take charge of their school day. While it is important that teens begin to transition to self-directed learners, it’s also vital to remember that they still need guidance. It’s important that parents remain active, involved facilitators during the middle school and high school years. Some ways you can do that include: Schedule regular meetings to hold your student accountable for completing assignments. During the middle school years, plan to schedule daily meetings with your tween or teen, transitioning to weekly meetings by 8th or 9th grade. During the meeting, help your student plan her schedule for the week. Help her break down weekly assignments into manageable daily tasks and plan for completion of long-term projects. A daily meeting also provides an opportunity to make sure that your student is completing and comprehending all of her assignments.  Tweens and teens are sometimes guilty of pushing challenging concepts aside instead of asking for help. This practice often results in stressed,  overwhelmed students who don’t know where to begin to catch up. Read ahead. Read (or skim) ahead of your student in his textbooks or assigned reading. (You may want to use audio books, abridged versions, or study guides.) Reading ahead helps you keep abreast of what your student is learning so that youre prepared if he needs you to explain difficult concepts. It also helps you to ask the right questions to be sure that he is reading and comprehending the material. Offer guidance. Your middle school student is learning to take responsibility for his work. That means he still needs your direction. He may need you to make suggestions about writing topics or research projects. It could be helpful for you to edit his writing or offer advice on how to set up his science experiment. You may need to write out the first few bibliography cards as examples or help him come up with a strong topic sentence. Model the behavior you expect from your student as you transition to expecting him to complete the projects independently. 2. Help Your Student Improve Study Skills Middle school is an excellent time to help your student develop or hone her independent study skills. Encourage her to start with a study skills self-assessment to identify areas of strengths and weaknesses. Then, work on improving the weak areas. For many homeschooled students, one weak area will be note-taking skills. Your middle schooler can practice by taking notes during: Religious servicesCo-op classesRead-aloud timeDVD or computer-based lessonsDocumentariesIndependent reading Middle school students should also begin using a student planner to keep track of their own assignments. They can fill in their planner during your daily or weekly meetings. Help your students get in the habit of including a daily study time in their planners. Their minds need time to process all that they’ve learned each day. During their  study time, students should do things like: Read over their notes to ensure that what they wrote down makes senseLook over the headings and subheadings in their textbooks to recap the day’s lessonPractice spelling or vocabulary words  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ illustrating words or writing them in different colors can be helpfulMake their own flashcards to help them remember important facts and detailsRead over any highlighted textRead text, notes, or vocabulary words aloud 3. Involve Your Teen or Tween in Curriculum Choices As your student enters the teen years, begin engaging her in the curriculum selection process if you haven’t been doing so already. By the middle school years, students start to develop a sense of how they learn best. Some students prefer books with large text and colorful illustrations. Others learn better through audio books and video-based instruction. Even if you’re not willing to hand over the selection process to your middle school student entirely, take her input into consideration. Remember that one of the goals of homeschooling is to teach our children how to learn. Part of that process is helping them discover how they learn best. The middle school years also provide the perfect opportunity to test potential curriculum.  When you find yourself in the position of needing to modify or  change curriculum  in high school, its hard not to feel as though youve wasted an entire semester or longer. Instead, give potential high school curriculum a test-run in middle school. You can try the middle school version of the curriculum or use the high school version in 8th grade. If it is a good fit, you can put in on your childs high school transcript since high school level coursework completed in 8th grade counts toward high school credit hours. If it turns out that the curriculum isnt a good fit for, you can shop around and choose something more appropriate for high school without feeling as though youve lost ground. 4. Strengthen Weaknesses Because the middle school years are a time of transition, they naturally offer the opportunity to catch up on any areas in which a student is behind where you’d like him to be and strengthen areas of weakness. This could be the time to seek out treatment or learn the best modifications and accommodations for learning challenges such as dysgraphia or dyslexia. If your student still struggles with automatic recall of math facts, practice them until she can recall them effortlessly. If he struggles with getting his thoughts on paper, look for creative ways to encourage writing and ways to make writing relevant to your student. Focus on improving any areas of weakness that youve identified, but dont make that the total of your school day. Continue to provide plenty of opportunities for your student to shine in his areas of strength. 5. Begin Thinking Ahead Use 6th and 7th grades to observe your student. Start exploring his extracurricular interests and talents so that you can tailor his high school years to his skills and natural aptitudes. If he’s interested in sports, check to see what is available in your homeschool community. Often middle school is when kids move begin playing on their school’s sports teams rather than recreation leagues. Consequently, it’s a prime time for the formation of homeschool teams. Middle school sports teams for homeschoolers  are often instructional and try-outs are not as stringent as high school teams, so it’s a good time for those new to the sport to get involved. Most colleges and umbrella schools will accept some high school level courses, such as algebra or biology,  taken in 8th grade for high school credit. If you have a student who is ready for a bit more challenging coursework, taking one or two high school credit courses in middle school is an excellent opportunity to get a head start on high school. Make the most of the middle school years by using them to create a smooth transition from the teacher-directed elementary school years and the self-directed high school years.

Differentiated Instruction Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Differentiated Instruction - Research Paper Example I particularly agree with Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences and the different learning styles. Indeed, students have varying ways of absorbing and processing information. In facilitating the class, there is a need to be sensitive to the varied ways in which students can absorb and apply information. Similarly, various techniques, activities, and visual aids are effective in reaching out to all of the young minds inside the classroom in the most maximum way possible. As for the brain-based research, it is interesting to find out that there are discoveries linking the brain and how students learn. However, I find the content lacking to make it quite convincing. In my opinion, the information should be presented in a more concrete way. The methods in which the outcome of the said research may be applied should be expounded. For instance, the relationship between the anatomy of the brain and progressing learning could have been poignantly considered through meaningful exampl es. It would be more informative if several scientifically-based frameworks in furthering learning were specified. Regarding the authentic assessment, I find that there is nothing much new about its description. As what the site stated, â€Å"not enough† can be said about it. ... In what ways do you feel you already differentiate? As I reflect on my experience as a teacher, I can remember faces of some students who do not seem engaged in the lesson proper. I felt like they are uninterested. Some were perhaps totally clueless of what their classmates are talking about. I have also observed that several children were more active when it comes to certain kinds of activities and topics. For instance, some children do better when it comes to group work whereas some to be more at ease at individual tasks. There were also many situations when a concept is much more understandable with the aid of colorful visual aids such as multi media. Furthermore, I have noticed that there are students who can express themselves better at writing than in class recitations. The diversity of interests and learning styles, and competencies in the classroom made me realize the importance of differentiated instruction. In order for me to be able to have a meaningful communication with my students, I have to make the topics relevant to them. For them to understand, I have to present topics in ways that are interesting in their respective perception. As a teacher, I have to respect the uniqueness of each mind I am supposed to hone. Thus, to differentiate is indeed a need. I feel that I was somehow already into differentiated instruction when I realized that I have to consider each student when I am teaching, I tried to extend my methods and references as much as possible. I particularly researched on the different learning styles and multiple intelligences. Several tests were available to determine a student’s learning preferences. These were helpful in confirming and guiding my approach to each child.

The Influence Of Music On Society Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Influence Of Music On Society - Term Paper Example We start of with the positive influence music has on society members. Music is a unique and magical entity that has the power to change anything and everything. Music has the power to make people laugh, cry, feel excited, smile, sad and even change the way we understand various societal issues (Meyer, 1994). It is full of so much emotion and thus writers and artists find their aspirations drawn of the music they listen to. Music also influences the musicians to turn to other areas of their creativity. Throughout history the highly evocative language of music has had powerful influences on individuals and societies. Music has the power to express, illicit and convey powerful emotions thus the music’s moral and ethical power and how that power affects individuals and societies should receive optimum attention in our post modern society. The moral and ethical power of music in ancient societies was held with strong beliefs and therefore imperative for artists to exercise a certain level of moral and ethical responsibility in their creative endeavors. Music is a unifying entity in the society and acts as a socializing tool in the society. During music performances, members of the society interact and share ideas with each other. This enhances social cohesion and unites the society (Cope, 1978). Through music, different cultural societies have come together and resolved their differences. Also the message in the music may be that of uniting the society therefore uniting the society. Music has served to educate the society of their cultural background. When the traditional songs are played with a cultural message, the young members of the society get to know the way of life of the past generation. The classical music has revealed to the young people the living styles as well as the thoughts of the past generations. In so doing, we are able to estimate and analyze the progress we have made either negatively or positively. In the

CSR strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CSR strategy - Essay Example It emphasizes the company’s idea of mutual promotion. This involves the implementation of a strategy that not only develops the community but also turns the community into potential stakeholders to the company as clients or partners. The opinion that this paper stresses on is that it is possible for a company to turn corporate turn their Corporate Social Responsibility activities into marketing opportunities. This dispels the notion that CSR is unnecessary expenditures for organizations. Instead, CSR becomes a core agenda in the company marketing plans. In fact, without this emphasis on marketing, CSR becomes inefficient and needless for organization. 2. Support for the CSR Strategy 2.1. Areas Of Need CSR strategy in the Four Seasons Resort identifies the areas of need in the society from the environmental analysis, media information and sustainability agenda. There are three major areas of need in the corporate social responsibility: Health care services Environmental safety Education and Development The Four Seasons Resort engages in the fight against various terminal illnesses including cancer and meningitis (Pohl and Tolhurst 48). About cancer fight for example, it works with the Terry Fox Initiative in the campaign and intervention against cancer and other diseases. In their engagement in environmental sustainability, the Four Season Hotel participates in the campaign and support of environmental safety programs. For example, Deloitte Research rated it among the most recognized participants in Hospitality and philanthropic activities. This was because of its focus for sustainability beyond 2015 (Urip 34). The Hotel supports the development in Education programs by sponsoring students and education initiatives in poverty-stricken areas (Pohl and Tolhurst 42). The driving force for this initiative is the fact that the learners have the potentials to become its future clients and workers. 2.2. Sustainability of CSR Strategy The strategic plans that the Four Seasons Resort are sustainable and applicable to the present and the future generation. It is based on realistic parameters and practical evidences from the past issues. This came after the debate by the International Compact of the United Nations, about the sustainability of the environment and the development of innovation and social value. The sustainability of the strategy and its implementation is planned every year with specific budgetary allocations. The strategy is further sustained by its observation of cultural and social ethics to avoid violation of the rights and freedoms of the society. The Four Season Hotel ensures that it does not make profits at the expense of its clientele but prioritizes in the satisfaction of its clients by the hospitality and professionalism of its services (Pohl and Tolhurst 51). The hotel balances its participation agendas by alternating among the three every year. For example, if in one year it supports environmental works, the following year it does either healthcare or education program. 2.3. Example of Research and CSR Work Area Through participation in partnership with the World Bank, the Four Season Resort does trainings and workshops on CSR activities. The training is aimed at developing the society and business at the same time. The training develops capital resources from the society for the Hotel, in the sense that it receives qualified workers from the same community. From the study

Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the EU

Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the EU Sandro Sandri   EXHAUSTION Before explaining exhaustion online with regard to database in the European  Union, we should first start by explaining what exhaustion in an Intellectual Property  context is. 1. a) Definition The exhaustion of intellectual property rights is one of the limits of Intellectual  Property (IP) Law. After a product has been sold under the authorization of the IP owner,  the reselling, rental, lending and other third party commercial uses of IP-protected goods in  domestic and international markets is protected by the principle. Once a product is covered  by an IP right, such as by a patent right, has been sold by the Intellectual Property right  owner or by others with the consent of the owner, the Intellectual Property right is said to  be exhausted. It can no longer be exercised by the owner. This limitation is also referred to  as the Exhaustion Doctrine or First Sale Doctrine. For example, if an inventor obtains a  patent on a new kind of umbrella, the inventor (or anyone else to whom he sells his patent)  can legally prohibit other companies from making and selling this kind of umbrella, but  cannot prohibit customers who have bought this umbrella from the patent owner from  reselling the umbrella to third parties. There is a fairly broad consensus throughout the  world that this applies at least within the context of the domestic market. This is the  concept of National Exhaustion. However, there is less consensus as to what extent the  sale of an Intellectual Property protected product abroad can exhaust the IP rights over this  product in the context of domestic law. This is the concept of Regional exhaustion or  International Exhaustion. The rules and legal implications of the exhaustion largely differ  depending on the country of importation, i.e. the national jurisdiction.   The paternity of the exhaustion theory is ascribed to the German jurist Joseph  Kohler.2 The word  ´exhaustion` seems, however, to have been first used by the German  Reichsgreicht in a number of judgments in the early years of the twentieth century. In a  judgment of 26 March 1902 the Reichsgericht held, for example, that the effect of the  protection conferred by a patent (i.e. the exclusive right to manufacture products covered  with regard to Database in the European Union  by the patent and to put them on the market) was exhausted by the first sale.3 In other  words, once the patent holder had transferred legal ownership of goods made in  accordance with the patent, by selling them to another person, he lost the power to control  the further destiny of those goods subsequently. 1. b) Exhaustion in the European Union   The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has taken serious steps to harmonize the rules  of a Community-wide/regional exhaustion doctrine in the field of copyright law since the  1970s. Schovsbo called the harmonization by the ECJ as 1.-phase development of  exhaustion or negative harmonization, and the creation of directives by the competent  bodies of the EEC (and later the EU) as 2.-phase development or positive  harmonization. The first-ever decision on the exhaustion of distribution rights was handed over in  the famous Deutsche Grammophon case. Here, the ECJ based its decision on different  objectives of the EEC Treaty: the prohibition of partitioning of the market, free movement  of goods, as well as the prohibition of distortions of competition in the common market.   The European Court of Justice highlighted that prohibitions and restrictions on trade  might be applied by Member States, also in cases of copyright law, if they do not constitute  a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between Member  States6. Based upon these, the European Court of Justice concluded that [i]f a right related  to copyright is relied upon to prevent the marketing in a Member State of products  distributed by the holder of the right or with his consent on the territory of another  Member State on the sole ground that such distribution did not take place on the national  territory, such a prohibition, which would legitimize the isolation of national markets,  would be repugnant to the essential purpose of the Treaty, which is to unite national  markets into a single market. That purpose could not be attained if, under the various legal  systems of the Member States, nationals of those States were able to partition th e market  and bring about arbitrary discrimination or disguised restrictions on trade between Member  States. Consequently, it would be in conflict with the provisions prescribing the free movement of products within the common market for a manufacturer of sound recordings to exercise the exclusive right to distribute the protected articles, conferred upon him by  the legislation of a Member State, in such a way as to prohibit the sale in that State of  products placed on the market by him or with his consent in another Member State solely  because such distribution did not occur within the territory of the first Member State.7  In the EU, the principle of exhaustion of IP rights is as follows. The holder of an  Intellectual Property right loses his absolute right with the first sale in the EU territory. In  other words, the first commercialization of a good in a territory of the European Union  made by the holder of an industrial property right, or by a legitimate licensee, has as a  consequence that that good may freely circulate in Europe, and the legitimate IP holder  may not oppose the successive acts of reselling. Using the wording of the Centrafarm Case:   It cannot be reconciled with the principles of free movement of goods under the  provisions of the Treaty of Rome if a patentee exercises his rights under the legal  provisions of one Member State to prevent marketing of a patented product in said State  when the patented product has been brought into circulation in another Member State by  the patentee or with his consent Again, this is a good example of the function of the law  as a system to solve conflicts: on one side the traditional principle of territoriality of IP  rights; on the other side the aspiration to a common market in favour of international  trade. The aim of the exhaustion theory is to strike a balance between the free movement  of goods on the one hand, and the proprietors exercise of exclusive intellectual property  rights to distribute his goods on the other hand. The holder of an IP right holds therefore   the right to choose where, under which conditions and at which price his goods are put on  the market for the first time. No need to say that international exhaustion allows parallel  imports. The theory of exhaustion obviously improved in the course of time. In order to be  applicable, various conditions have to be met. It requires the consent of the legitimate  holder (consent that may be express or implied). And it also requires that the legitimate  holder receives, with the first sale, a reasonable remuneration. Depending on the  jurisdiction concerned, one often distinguishes between national exhaustion and  international exhaustion. In the European Union the term regional exhaustion is  frequently used. Regional exhaustion, in the EU member States, means that IP rights are  considered exhausted for the territory of the EEA when the product has been put on the  market in any of the EEA Member States.   Once the principle of exhaustion was established, the EU Law incorporated it in  regulations, directives and conventions. For example, art. 7 n. 1 of the First Council  Directive of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to  trade marks (89/104/EEC states that The trade mark shall not entitle the proprietor to  prohibit its use in relation to goods which have been put on the market in the Community  under that trade mark by the proprietor or with his consent9. Art. 13 of the Council  regulation (EC) n. 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark states that   A Community trade mark shall not entitle the proprietor to prohibit its use in relation to  goods which have been put on the market in the Community under that trade mark by the  proprietor or with his consent10.   The Information Society Directive (Directive 2001/29/EC) on the harmonization  of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society refers to this  principle in paragraph 28 and 29. The Directive is a little old in relation to the high speed  of technology, but is still there.11   1. c) The principle of exhaustion in EU Case Law   In Germany, the German Supreme Court (BGH) has repeatedly acknowledged the  exhaustion principle as a precautionary principle for the entire IP law (BGH, 22 January  1964, Maja Case; BGH, 10 April 1997, Sermion II Case).   In France a large number of decisions were reported to deal with the exhaustion  principle (Commercial Chamber of the Court of Cassation, 9 April 2002 n ° 99/15428,   Cass. Com., 20 February 2007, n ° 05/11088; Cass. Com., 26 February 2008, n ° 05/19087;   Cass. Com., 7 April 2009, n ° 08/13378; CA Paris, 15 June 2011, n ° 2009/12305).   In Austria the principle of exhaustion within the EU was applied even before it was  explicitly mentioned in the Austrian Trade Mark Act (Austrian Supreme Court October 15,  1996).   9 89/104/EEC First Council Directive of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States  relating to trade marks   10 COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 207/2009   11 Directive 2001/29/EC   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union 2- DATABASE   The protection of electronic databases was first considered by the EC Commission  in the 1998 Green Paper. An initial proposal was adopted on January 29, 1992, and was  greeted, at least in the United Kingdom (which has the largest database industry in the  Community) by a considerable degree of opposition, due to the perceived reduction in  protection for many factual and numerical databases.12   Regarding the concept of database, we should say that it is a collection of  independent works, data or other materials arranged in a systematic or methodical way and  individually accessible by electronic or other means which can include literary, artistic,  musical or other collections of works or collections of other material such as texts, sound,  images, numbers, facts.13 Databases in the European Union are regulated through Directive  96/9/EC, also known as the Database Directive. It is an European Union Directive in the  field of Intellectual Property Law, made under the internal market provisions of the Treaty  of Rome. It harmonizes the treatment of databases under copyright law and the sui generis  right for the creators of databases which do not qualify for copyright.   The exhaustion principle does not allow the reproduction of data. The German  Supreme Court has confirmed this: it held that if there is extraction of a substantial part of  the database, there is no exhaustion as exhaustion covers the right of distribution and not  extraction.14 Online electronic databases cannot benefit from the exhaustion principle. The  database must have been sold. If it is given free of charge, the principle of exhaustion does  not apply. The CJEU held this to be so in the field of trademarks in Peak Holding v Axolin-  Elinor and later confirmed it in LOreal v eBay.15 There is no reason why these decisions  would not apply here by analogy as the term used in Article 7(2)(b) is sale. The same  applies to Article 5(c) in the copyright chapter of the Database Directive.   Article 7 furthermore specifies acts of temporary or ephemeral copying as  extraction.112 In contrast to the initial draft, which required a commercial intention,   12 E.C. Intellectual Property Materials, Sweet Maxwells, 1994, 1 (F) Amended Proposals of 4 October 1993  for a Council Directive on the legal protection of databases (COM (93) 464 final SYN 393) [1993] O.J.  C308/1, p. 36 13 Article 7(1) DDir (96/9/EC)   14 Marktstudien (Market Surveys), 21 April 2005, Case I ZR 1/02[2005] GRUR 940; [2006] IIC 489   15 Case C-16/03 Peak Holding v Axolin-Elinor [2004] ECR I-11313 and Case C-324/09 LOreal v eBay [2011]   ETMR 52   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union  consent is required for loading a database into a computer RAM, as this will copy the entire  database. The consequences of prohibiting acts of temporary or even ephemeral copies   such as caching is an inconsistency between online and offline databases. Whereas an  offline database such as a CD-ROM or a smaller database technically requires RAM  storage of a substantial part, accessing a large online database normally merely requires the  copy of the entries accessed to be copied.16   Exhaustion only applies to databases in tangible format. If someone lawfully  acquired a tangible copy of the databases, the right holder will not be able to control its  resale within the European Union. However, in two cases, there will arguably not be  exhaustion. The reason is the use of the narrow word sale and resale. First, there will not  be exhaustion when the right holder gave rather than sold the database. In this case, the  right to control distribution remains. Thus, the sale of a copy of a database distributed  freely by the maker, may infringe.17 The second case is when the purchaser wishes to give  the database instead of reselling it. It seems that, in that case, the gift of the database by the  person who acquired it can also be controlled by the right holder.   It must be noted that, in a recent case, 18the Versailles Court of Appeal surprisingly  held that, for a database producer to benefit from her rights of extraction and reutilization,  she must have asserted it previously, before any infringement act is committed. The  mention of the interdiction to extract or reutilize contents from the database becomes a  condition of opposability of the sui generis right granted to the database maker by Article L.  342-2 of the IPC. The claimant lost her case since she did not make such mention on the  website she created. This decision seems to add a condition which does not exist in the  Directive. The sui generis right is not dependant on any formality.   Two German courts held that the creation of deep links is not an infringement of  the sui generis right19. This is not surprising since it is difficult to see how a deep link is an act  of extraction or reutilization.   Under Article 3, databases which, by reason of the selection or arrangement of  their contents, constitute the authors own intellectual creation are protected by copyright  16 Guido Westkamp, Protecting databases under US and European law methodical approaches to the  protection of investments between unfair competition and intellectual property concepts, 2003   17 Bently Sherman 2004, p. 303   18 Rojo R. v Guy R., CA Versailles, 18 November 2004, available on http://www.legalis.net.   19 SV on line GmbH v Net-Clipping, OLG Munich, 9 November, 2000 [2001] ZUM 255; Handelsblatt v Paperboy,   OLG Cologne, 27 October 2000 [2001] ZUM 414; BGH, 17 July 2003 [2003] Cri.   as collections: no other criterion may be used by Member States. This may be a relaxation  of the criterion for protection of collections in the Berne Convention for the Protection of  Literary and Artistic Works,[2] which covers collections of literary and artistic works and  requires creativity in the selection and arrangement of the contents: in practice the  difference is likely to be slight. Any copyright in the database is separate from and without  prejudice to the copyright in the entries.   Copyright protection is not available for databases which aim to be complete,  that is where the entries are selected by objective criteria: these are covered by sui  generis database rights. While copyright protects the creativity of an author, database rights  specifically protect the qualitatively and/or quantitatively [a] substantial investment in  either the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents: if there has not been  substantial investment (which need not be financial), the database will not be protected  [Art. 7(1)]. Database rights are held in the first instance by the person or corporation which  made the substantial investment, so long as: the person is a national or domiciliary of a  Member State or the corporation is formed according to the laws of a Member State and  has its registered office or principal place of business within the European Union.   The holder of database rights may prohibit the extraction and/or re-utilization of  the whole or of a substantial part of the contents: the substantial part is evaluated  qualitatively and/or quantitatively and reutilization is subject to the exhaustion of rights.   Public lending is not an act of extraction or re-utilization. The lawful user of a database  which is available to the public may freely extract and/or re-use insubstantial parts of the  database (Art. 8): the holder of database rights may not place restrictions of the purpose to  which the insubstantial parts are used. However, users may not perform acts which  conflict with normal exploitation of the database or unreasonably prejudice the legitimate  interests of the maker of the database, nor prejudice any copyright in the entries. The  same limitations may be provided to database rights as to copyright in databases (Art. 9):  extraction for private purposes of the contents of a non-electronic database; extraction for  the purposes of illustration for teaching or scientific research, as long as the source is  indicated and to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved;  extraction and/or re-utilization for the purposes of public security or an administrative or  judicial procedure. Database rights last for fifteen years from the end of the year that the database was  made available to the public, or from the end of the year of completion for private  databases (Art. 10). Any substantial change which could be considered to be a substantial  new investment will lead to a new term of database rights, which could, in principle, be  perpetual. Database rights are independent of any copyright in the database, and the two  could, in principle, be held by different people (especially in jurisdictions which prohibit  the corporate ownership of copyright): as such, database rights can be compared to the  rights of phonogram and film producers.20   3- CONCLUSION The idea of digital first sale doctrine imploded into the mainstream copyright  discussion only a few years ago, although it has already been discussed for almost two  decades. The problem was reflected by academia, case law and legislature as well. Although  notable sources take the view that the concept of digital exhaustion deserves support, the  majority of commentators refused to accept this idea. Likewise, legislative proposals that  were submitted to the German Bundestag and the Congress of the United States, were  ultimately refused by the relevant national parliaments (or were not even discussed by them).   Under the traditional, positivist vision of copyright law, any similar ideas are condemned to  death at the moment, especially in the light of the WCT Agreed Statement. Similarly, the  CJEUs constructive interpretation of the international and regional copyright norms led to  flawed argumentation. However, significant economic, social and technological arguments  support the view that it is time to reconsider at international legislative level.   It looks like it is time to adapt the principle of exhaustion on an online perspective.  Technology goes faster than law, so when the law goes a step forward, a new problem  arises. Streaming and cloud computing are good examples. The majority of Reports  acknowledge the problems, and underline various aspects. The first is that the principle of  exhaustion of intellectual property rights was elaborated and developed in a time when  goods and services were mainly material and sold and distributed through material and  traditional channels. This approach is overturned by the new technologies. The second is  that it is no longer possible to distinguish, as far as the principle of exhaustion is  concerned, but also in general, among industrial property and intellectual property.   Copyright is expanding. The third is that it is more and more difficult to separate and  distinguish traditional industry and online industry as well as material and immaterial goods   20 Intellectual Property Law, Trevor Cook, 2010   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union  and services. The majority of the Reports are of the opinion that on-line infringement of  intellectual property rights is normally dealt with the ordinary rules of civil procedure, and  that there is no particular necessity of elaborating new ones. The difficulties of enforcing  decisions abroad against foreign on line infringers in copyright cases are the usual ones,  common in the legal praxis when a decision must be enforced against foreign infringers.21  Dennis S. Karjalas thoughts serve as a great point to finish with. He stressed that  either we believe in the first-sale doctrine in the digital age or we do not. If we no longer  believe in it, we should discard it openly and not through verbal gymnastics interpreting the  definition of copy for the purposes of the statutes reproduction right. Nor should our  definition of copy force systems engineers into unduly intricate or artificial designs simply  to protect the right of the owner of a copy of a music file to transfer that file, provided that  no copies derived from the transferred file are retained.22   21 To what extent does the principle of exhaustion of IP rights apply to the on-line industry? Avv. Prof.   Vincenzo Franceschelli, 2014.   22 Dennis S. Karjala: Copying and Piracy in the Digital Age, Washburn Law Journal, 2013: p. 255.   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union   BIBLIOGRAPHY à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Bently Sherman 2004, p. 303 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · David T. Keeling, Intellectual Property Rights in EU Law Volume 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Dennis S. Karjala: Copying and Piracy in the Digital Age, Washburn Law Journal, 2013 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Guido Westkamp, Protecting databases under US and European law methodical approaches to the protection of investments between unfair competition and intellectual property concepts, 2003 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Jens Schovsbo: The Exhaustion of Rights and Common Principles of European Intellectual Property Law. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Sweet Maxwells, E.C. Intellectual Property Materials à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · T. de las Heras Lorenzo, El agotamiento del derecho de marca, Editorial Montecorvo, Madrid, 1994, p. 47; à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Trevor Cook, Intellectual Property Law, 2010 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Vincenzo Franceschelli, To what extent does the principle of exhaustion of IP rights apply to the on-line industry? 2014. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Centrafarm B.V. and Adriaan de Peijper v. Sterling Drug Inc., in 6 IIC 102 (1975). à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · 89/104/EEC First Council Directive of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft mbH v Metro-SB-Großmà ¤rkte GmbH Co. KG. 8 June 1971, European Court Reports à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Guajakol-Karbonat RGZ 51, 139. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · LOreal v eBay à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Marktstudien (Market Surveys), 21 April 2005, Case I ZR 1/02[2005] GRUR 940; [2006] IIC 489 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Peak Holding v Axolin-Elinor à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Rojo R. v Guy R., CA Versailles, 18 November 2004, available on à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 207/2009 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Directive 2001/29/EC à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · International Exhaustion and Parallel Importation 1 International Exhaustion and Parallel Importation http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/ip_business/export/international_exhaustion.htm 2 T. de las Heras Lorenzo, El agotamiento del derecho de marca, Editorial Montecorvo, Madrid, 1994, p. 47; F.-K.   Beier,  ´Grenzen der Erschà ¶pfungslehre im Markenrecht; zur Beurteilung des Vertriebs umgepackter und neu  gekennzeichtner Originawaren in den Là ¤ndern der Europà ¤ischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft.   Exhaustion Online   3 Guajakol-Karbonat RGZ 51, 139. 4 Intellectual Property Rights in EU Law Volume 1, David T. Keeling, p. 75-76 5 Jens Schovsbo: The Exhaustion of Rights and Common Principles of European Intellectual Property Law. In: Ansgar Ohly: Common Principles of European Intellectual Property Law, Mohr Siebeck, Tà ¼bingen, 2010: p. 170. 6 Case 78/70 Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft mbH v Metro-SB-Großmà ¤rkte GmbH Co. KG., 8 June 1971, European Court Reports, 1971: pp. 499 500., para. 5-11. Compare to Article 36 of the EEC Treaty. On the application of Article 36 of the EEC Treaty see: Nial Fennelly: Rules and Exceptions: Freedom of Movement and Intellectual Property Rights in the European Union. In: Hugh C. Hansen: International Intellectual Property Law Policy, Volume 5, Juris Publishing, Huntington, 2003: pp. 33-4 33-11. Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union 7 Case 78/70, supra note 64, p. 500., para. 12-13.   8 verbatim Centrafarm B.V. and Adriaan de Peijper v. Sterling Drug Inc., in 6 IIC 102 (1975).   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union